Table 3.
Outcome measures by park prescription intervention (PPI) and control groups at six-month follow-up
| Outcome measures | PPI (N = 71) | Control (N = 74) | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment effect | P-value | Treatment effect | P-value | |||
| Primary | ||||||
| Objective 10 min bouted MVPA (min/week) | 114.5 ± 121.3 | 110.1 ± 150.9 | 4.4 (− 43.8, 52.7) | 0.855 | 0.6 (−46.5, 47.6) | 0.981 |
| Objective 10 min bouted MVPA (min/week)* | 114.5 ± 121.3 | 87.7 ± 79.6 | 26.8 (− 9.7, 63.4) | 0.148 | 25.2 (− 11.4, 61.9) | 0.176 |
| Secondary | ||||||
| Physical activity related behaviors | ||||||
| Accelerometer valid measure period (day) | 7.2 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 1.2 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.001 | – | – |
| Average wear duration (hour/day) | 23.0 ± 2.3 | 23.1 ± 2.1 | − 0.1 (− 0.9, 0.7) | 0.759 | – | – |
| PA volume, ENMO (mg) | 34.6 ± 9.1 | 33.6 ± 9.0 | 1.1 (− 2.1, 4.3) | 0.510 | 0.8 (− 2.3, 4.0) | 0.595 |
| Inactivity time, 0–25 mg (hour/week) | 66.2 ± 13.0 | 66.7 ± 13.9 | − 0.5 (− 5.2, 4.3) | 0.845 | − 0.3 (− 5.0, 4.5) | 0.905 |
| Light PA, 25–100 mg (hour/week) | 41.5 ± 8.5 | 40.3 ± 11.2 | 1.3 (− 2.2, 4.1) | 0.475 | 1.3 (− 2.2, 4.8) | 0.476 |
| Total MVPA (min/week) | 814.9 ± 860.8 | 662.4 ± 775.1 | 152.5 (− 116.8, 421.8) | 0.265 | 130.2 (− 129.1, 389.5) | 0.323 |
| Recreational MVPA (min/week) | 142.3 ± 155.4 | 93.6 ± 131.0 | 48.7 (1.4, 96.0) | 0.044 | 46.2 (0.3, 92.1) | 0.049 |
| Sedentary time (hour/week) | 37.7 ± 21.3 | 44.0 ± 27.1 | −6.3 (−14.3, 1.7) | 0.122 | −6.1 (− 13.5, 1.3) | 0.103 |
| Time spent in Park (min/month) | 333.9 ± 506.2 | 186.4 ± 358.4 | 147.5 (2.1, 292.9) | 0.047 | 156.0 (13.7, 298.3) | 0.032 |
| PA in Park (min/month) | 333.0 ± 499.3 | 140.5 ± 270.7 | 192.5 (59.5, 325.5) | 0.005 | 190.3 (59.7, 320.9) | 0.005 |
| Mental well-being | ||||||
| General health from SF-12 (range: 1–5) | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | −0.1 (− 0.3, 0.2) | 0.712 | − 0.1 (− 0.3, 0.2) | 0.631 |
| K10 total (range: 10–50) | 14.0 ± 3.9 | 15.0 ± 4.9 | −1.0 (− 2.4, 0.5) | 0.199 | −0.7 (− 1.9, 0.6) | 0.277 |
| WHO5 total (range: 0–100) | 56.6 ± 20.1 | 57.6 ± 20.4 | −1.0 (− 7.7, 5.7) | 0.769 | −1.0 (− 6.9, 4.8) | 0.727 |
| QOL_physical (range: 0–100) | 71.8 ± 12.3 | 69.6 ± 11.8 | 2.1 (− 1.8, 6.1) | 0.288 | – | – |
| QOL_psychological (range: 0–100) | 65.1 ± 11.8 | 61.0 ± 12.5 | 4.0 (0.0, 8.0) | 0.047 | – | – |
| QOL_social (range: 0–100) | 66.0 ± 13.2 | 63.1 ± 13.6 | 3.0 (− 1.5, 7.4) | 0.187 | – | – |
| QOL_environment (range: 0–100) | 65.9 ± 12.4 | 64.3 ± 12.9 | 1.6 (− 2.6, 5.7) | 0.449 | – | – |
| Physical Health | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.89 ± 0.52 | 4.87 ± 0.54 | 0.02 (− 0.15, 0.20) | 0.808 | − 0.01 (− 0.17, 0.15) | 0.875 |
| High-density lipoprotein, HDL (mmol/L) | 1.56 ± 0.53 | 1.57 ± 0.44 | − 0.01 (− 0.17, 0.15) | 0.915 | −0.01 (− 0.11, 0.08) | 0.806 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, LDL (mmol/L) | 3.60 ± 0.86 | 3.31 ± 0.84 | 0.29 (0.01, 0.57) | 0.041 | −0.06 (− 0.23, 0.11) | 0.459 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.71 | 1.20 ± 0.72 | − 0.04 (− 0.28, 0.19) | 0.712 | 0.01 (− 0.17, 0.18) | 0.924 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHG) | 113.4 ± 12.0 | 113.1 ± 12.9 | 0.2 (−3.9, 4.3) | 0.912 | 0.5 (− 2.9, 3.9) | 0.770 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHG) | 70.0 ± 8.2 | 71.0 ± 8.6 | − 0.9 (− 3.7, 1.8) | 0.502 | −0.4 (− 2.8, 2.0) | 0.727 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 4.2 | 23.8 ± 4.0 | 0.4 (− 0.9, 1.8) | 0.536 | −0.3 (− 0.7, 0.0) | 0.074 |
Note: mean ± SD are presented for each group together with the estimate of the treatment effect and the associated 95% CI
N = 126 for accelerometer measures (62 for PPI and 64 for control group)
aWith two extreme outliers removed in outcome: Objective 10 min bouted MVPA
aModel 1 provides the unadjusted estimate using the independent sample t-test
bModel 2 adjusts for baseline total physical activity via multiple linear regression