Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics and association with Domestic Violence among women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe (2015)
| Socio-demographic variable | Total | No | Yes | χ2 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4472 | 2563 (57.3) | 1909 (42.7) | |||
| N (%) ** | N (%)* | N (%) ** | |||
| Age | 28.37 | < 0.001 | |||
| 15–19 | 209 (4.7) | 114 (54.5) | 95 (45.5) | ||
| 20–29 | 1719 (38.4) | 932 (54.2) | 787 (45.8) | ||
| 30–39 | 1717 (38.4) | 978 (57.0) | 739 (43.0) | ||
| 40–49 | 827 (18.5) | 539 (65.2) | 288 (34.8) | ||
| Residence | 0.004 | 0.949 | |||
| Urban | 1832 (41.0) | 1051 (57.4) | 781 (42.6) | ||
| Rural | 2640 (59.0) | 1512 (57.3) | 1128 (42.7) | ||
| Highest education level | 26.36 | < 0.001 | |||
| No Education | 54 (1.2) | 31 (57.4) | 23 (42.6) | ||
| Primary | 1245 (27.8) | 690 (55.4) | 555 (44.6) | ||
| Secondary | 2840 (63.5) | 1607 (56.6) | 1233 (43.4) | ||
| Higher | 333 (7.4) | 235 (70.6) | 98 (29.4) | ||
| Wealth index | 2.419 | 0.298 | |||
| Poor | 1522 (34.0) | 852 (56.0) | 670 (44.0) | ||
| Middle | 698 (15.6) | 395 (56.6) | 303 (43.4) | ||
| Rich | 2252 (50.4) | 1316 (58.4) | 936 (41.6) | ||
| Religion | 25.763 | < 0.001 | |||
| No religion | 245 (5.5) | 106 (43.3) | 139 (56.7) | ||
| Christians | 4183 (93.5) | 2426 (58.0) | 1757 (42.0) | ||
| Muslim | 13 (0.3) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | ||
| Traditional | 26 (0.6) | 20 (76.9) | 6 (23.1) | ||
| Others | 5 (0.1) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Smoking | 0.771 | 0.38 | |||
| No | 4453 (99.6) | 2554 (57.4) | 1899 (42.6) | ||
| Yes | 19 (0.4) | 9 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | ||
| Respondent currently working | 13.203 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 2529 (56.6) | 1509 (59.7) | 1020 (40.3) | ||
| Yes | 1943 (43.4) | 1054 (54.2) | 889 (45.8) | ||
| Respondent drinking alcohol | 36.47 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 4005 (89.6) | 2356 (58.8) | 1649 (41.2) | ||
| Yes | 466 (10.4) | 206 (44.2) | 260 (55.8) | ||
| Husband/Partner’s educational level | 26.135 | < 0.001 | |||
| No education | 59 (1.3) | 37 (62.7) | 22 (37.3) | ||
| Primary | 898 (20.1) | 487 (54.2 | 411 (4.8) | ||
| Secondary | 2947 (65.9) | 1665 (56.5) | 1282 (43.5) | ||
| Higher | 2947 (65.9) | 345 (67.3) | 168 (32.7) | ||
| Don’t know | 53 (1.2) | 28 (52.8) | 25 (47.2) | ||
| Partner’s occupation | 10.297 | 0.006 | |||
| Not working | 627 (14.2) | 380 (60.6) | 247 (39.4) | ||
| Agricultural | 539 (12.2) | 278 (51.6) | 261 (48.4) | ||
| Non Agricultural | 3261 (73.7) | 1884 (57.8) | 1377 (42.2) | ||
| Women empowerment | 0.177 | 0.674 | |||
| No | 20 (0.9) | 10 (50.0) | 10 (50.0) | ||
| Yes | 2203 (99.1) | 1205 (54.7) | 998 (45.3) | ||
| Father beat Mother | 103.49 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 2968 (66.4) | 1860 (62.7) | 1108 (37.3) | ||
| Yes | 1504 (33.6) | 703 (46.7) | 801 (53.3) | ||
| Parity† | 3.762 | 0.288 | |||
| None | 206 (4.6) | 131 (63.6) | 75 (36.4) | ||
| 1–2 | 2027 (45.3) | 1163 (57.4) | 864 (42.6) | ||
| 3–4 | 1721 (38.5) | 978 (56.8) | 743 (43.2) | ||
| 5+ | 518 (11.6) | 291 (56.2) | 227 (43.8) | ||
| Media exposure | 5.877 | 0.015 | |||
| No | 982 (22.0) | 596 (60.7) | 386 (39.3) | ||
| Yes | 3490 (78.0) | 1967 (56.4) | 1523 (43.6) | ||
| Partners drinking alcohol | 150.7 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 2718 (60.8) | 1756 (64.6) | 962 (35.4) | ||
| Yes | 1754 (39.2) | 807 (46.0) | 947 (54.0) | ||
| Age difference† (reference) | 2.426 | 0.489 | |||
| Women same age or older than man | 320 (7.2) | 191 (59.7) | 129 (40.3) | ||
| Man older by 5 years | 2041 (45.7) | 1147 (56.2) | 894 (43.8) | ||
| Man older by 10 years | 1385 (31.0) | 799 (57.7) | 586 (42.3) | ||
| Man older by more than 10 years | 724 (16.2) | 425 (58.7) | 299 (41.3) | ||
| Number of Wives† | 2.293 | < 0.001 | |||
| Monogamy | 4012 (90.9) | 2351 (58.6) | 1661 (41.4) | ||
| Polygamy | 403 (9.1) | 187 (46.4) | 216 (53.6) | ||
†Re-categorized *: column percentage, **: row percentage. p ≤ 0.05; N = number of respondents