Table 3.
Characteristics of study participants in Southern Province, Zambia, 2016–2018
| Livingstone City | Choma Town | Macha Area | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital (n = 485) | Urban Health Centers (n = 305) | Hospital (n = 63) | Urban Health Center (n = 38) | Hospital (n = 190) | Rural Health Centers (n = 209) | ||
| Mother’s age in years – median (IQR) | 30 (24, 34) | 28 (24, 32) | 26 (22, 33) | 27 (23, 33) | 32 (23, 37) | 29 (24, 35) | 0.0006 |
| Mother’s education, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| None/primary | 105 (21.7) | 77 (25.3) | 21 (33.3) | 16 (42.1) | 110 (57.9) | 119 (56.9) | |
| Secondary | 309 (63.7) | 208 (68.2) | 39 (61.9) | 19 (50.0) | 68 (35.8) | 85 (40.7) | |
| More than high school | 70 (14.4) | 18 (5.9) | 3 (4.8) | 1 (2.6) | 7 (3.7) | 4 (1.9) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.7) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | 5 (2.6) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Father’s education, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| None/primary | 16 (3.3) | 16 (5.3) | 14 (22.2) | 3 (7.9) | 62 (32.6) | 68 (32.5) | |
| Secondary | 294 (60.6) | 208 (68.2) | 39 (61.9) | 26 (68.4) | 73 (38.4) | 102 (48.8) | |
| More than high school | 111 (22.9) | 49 (16.1) | 5 (7.9) | 5 (13.2) | 13 (6.8) | 8 (3.8) | |
| Unknown | 64 (13.2) | 32 (10.5) | 5 (7.9) | 4 (10.5) | 42 (22.1) | 31 (14.8) | |
| Mother received drugs for PMTCT, n (%) | 445 (91.8) | 265 (86.9) | 46 (73.0) | 29 (76.3) | 169 (89.0) | 195 (93.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Child’s age in hours – median (IQR) | 11 (5, 21) | 5 (2, 10) | 20 (12, 68) | 5 (3, 10) | 17 (9, 25) | 10 (5, 15) | < 0.0001 |
| Child sex – female, n (%) | 230 (47.4) | 164 (53.8) | 29 (46.0) | 13 (34.2) | 109 (57.4) | 107 (51.2) | 0.05 |
| Returning to study location for post-natal care, n (%) | 22 (4.5) | 168 (55.1) | 2 (3.2) | 35 (92.1) | 74 (39.0) | 187 (89.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Mother has access to a cell phone, n (%) | 373 (76.9) | 234 (76.7) | 48 (76.2) | 26 (68.4) | 115 (60.5) | 135 (64.9) | < 0.0001 |