Table 2.
Maternal and obstetric characteristics of the study participants (N = 916), Gondar town, Ethiopia, 2018
| Variable/category | Risk of depression | Total n = 916, n (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Had depression (n = 63), n (%) | No depression (n = 853), n (%) | |||
| Pregnancy condition | 0.010 | |||
| Planned | 31 (49.2) | 746 (87.5) | 777 (84.8) | |
| Un-timed | 26 (41.3) | 97 (11.4) | 123 (13.4) | |
| Un-intended | 6 (9.5) | 10 (1.1) | 16 (1.8) | |
| Pregnancy trimester | 0.170 | |||
| 2nd trimester | 16 (37.9) | 323 (25.4) | 339 (37.0) | |
| 3rd trimester | 47 (62.1) | 530 (74.6) | 577 (63.0) | |
| Pregnancy weeks (mean(±SD)) | 28.8(±5.8) | 27.7(±6.7) | ||
| Difficulty to conceive in the current pregnancy | 0.067 | |||
| Yes | 9 (14.3) | 66 (7.7) | 75 (8.2) | |
| No | 54 (85.7) | 787 (92.3) | 841 (91.8) | |
| Parity of the mother | 0.450 | |||
| 1 | 24 (38.1) | 325 (38.1) | 349 (38.1) | |
| 2 | 16 (25.4) | 272 (31.9) | 288 (31.4) | |
| 3–8 | 23 (36.5) | 256 (30.0) | 279 (30.5) | |
| Mean(±SD) | 2.3(±1.4) | 2.1(1.2) | 2.1(±1.2) | |
| Preterm history | 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 8 (20.5) | 29 (5.5) | 37 (6.5) | |
| No | 31 (79.5) | 499 (94.5) | 530 (93.5) | |
| Low birth history | 0.144 | |||
| Yes | 3 (7.7) | 17 (3.2) | 20 (3.5) | |
| No | 36 (92.3) | 511 (96.8) | 547 (96.5) | |
| History of cesarean section | 0.981 | |||
| Yes | 5 (12.8) | 67 (12.7) | 72 (12.7) | |
| No | 34 (87.2) | 461 (87.3) | 495 (87.3) | |
| Antenatal care service uptake (at least one) | 0.069 | |||
| Yes | 57 (90.5) | 815 (95.5) | 872 (95.2) | |
| No | 6 (9.5) | 38 (4.5) | 44 (4.8) | |
| Had fear of birth | 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 37 (58.7) | 158 (18.5) | 195 (21.3) | |
| No | 26 (41.3) | 695 (81.5) | 721 (78.7) | |
| Partner had different sex preference | 0.066 | |||
| Yes | 23 (36.5) | 221 (25.9) | 244 (26.6) | |
| No | 40 (63.5) | 632 (74.1) | 672 (73.4) | |
| Did physical activity | 0.009 | |||
| Yes | 59 (93.7) | 839 (98.4) | 898 (98.0) | |
| No | 4 (6.3) | 14 (1.6) | 18 (2.0) | |
| Mothers health condition in this pregnancy from their own perspective | 0.001 | |||
| Very good | 10 (15.9) | 269 (31.5) | 279 (30.5) | |
| Good | 43 (68.2) | 536 (62.9) | 579 (63.2) | |
| Bad | 10 (15.9) | 48 (5.6) | 58 (6.3) | |
| Exposure to cigarette | 0.003 | |||
| Yes | 14 (22.2) | 86 (10.1) | 100 (10.9) | |
| No | 49 (77.8) | 767 (89.9) | 816 (89.1) | |
| Exposure to coffee | 0.078 | |||
| Daily | 29 (46.0) | 351 (41.1) | 380 (41.5) | |
| Sometimes | 26 (41.3) | 287 (33.7) | 313 (34.2) | |
| Never | 8 (12.7) | 215 (25.2) | 223 (24.3) | |
| Nutritional status of the mother | 0.982 | |||
| Normal (MUAC 18–22) | 54 (85.8) | 732 (85.7) | 786 (85.8) | |
| Underweight (MUAC 22.5–31) | 9 (14.2) | 121 (14.3) | 130 (14.2) | |
| MUAC (Mean(±SD) | 23.9(±1.5) | 24.1(±1.7) | ||
p-value is based on Chi-square or fisher exact test wherever the expected cell counts are < 5