Table 2.
Univariable analysis of factors associated with STH and S. mansoni infections among pre-school aged children in Busia County, Kenya
| Factors | N (%) | STH Combined [OR (95%CI); p-value] |
S. mansoni [OR (95%CI); p-value] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Children | |||
| Enrolled | 327 (50.1%) | 1.38 (0.92–2.09); p = 0.123 | 1.09 (0.68–1.75); p = 0.727 |
| Non-enrolled | 326 (49.9%) | Reference | Reference |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 330 (50.1%) | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 323 (49.5%) | 1.49 (0.98–2.25); p = 0.059 | 0.88 (0.55–1.42); p = 0.613 |
| Age group (years) | |||
| 3 | 113 (20.6%) | Reference | Reference |
| 4 | 145 (26.5%) | 1.26 (0.66–2.42); p = 0.482 | 1.38 (0.60–3.12); p = 0.456 |
| 5 | 118 (21.5%) | 1.08 (0.54–2.16); p = 0.834 | 1.39 (0.59–3.26); p = 0.454 |
| > 5 | 172 (31.4%) | 1.35 (0.72–2.52); p = 0.349 | 1.92 (0.89–4.14); p = 0.097 |
| Household members | |||
| ≤ 5 | 314 (48.1%) | Reference | Reference |
| > 5 | 339 (51.9%) | 1.32 (0.88–2.00); p = 0.185 | 1.06 (0.66–1.71); p = 0.803 |
| Parent’s education | |||
| No education | 279 (42.7%) | 2.93 (0.38–22.54); p = 0.303 | 0.74 (0.20–2.67); p = 0.646 |
| Primary education | 294 (45.0%) | 4.33 (0.57–33.11); p = 0.158 | 0.77 (0.21–2.76); p = 0.686 |
| Secondary education | 61 (9.3%) | 5.36 (0.66–43.79); p = 0.117 | 0.28 (0.05–1.50); p = 0.136 |
| Post-secondary education | 19 (2.9%) | Reference | Reference |
| Parent’s occupation | |||
| Farming | 248 (38.0%) | 0.45 (0.17–1.22); p = 0.117 | 0.82 (0.23–2.94); p = 0.763 |
| Small business | 277 (42.4%) | 0.63 (0.24–1.66); p = 0.352 | 1.13 (0.32–3.97); p = 0.848 |
| Fishing | 72 (11.0%) | 1.30 (0.46–3.72); p = 0.620 | 1.47 (0.38–5.69); p = 0.580 |
| Employed | 25 (3.8%) | Reference | Reference |
| Roof type | |||
| Grass/Makuti | 170 (26.0%) | 1.18 (0.75–1.86); p = 0.475 | 0.61 (0.33–1.11); p = 0.107 |
| Iron sheets | 481 (73.7%) | Reference | Reference |
| Tiles | 2 (0.3%) | Insufficient obs | 6.76 (0.42–109.43); p = 0.179 |
| Floor type | |||
| Mud/Earthen | 410 (62.8%) | 0.97 (0.63–1.49); p = 0.887 | 1.01 (0.61–1.65); p = 0.989 |
| Cemented | 235 (36.0%) | Reference | Reference |
| Tiles | 5 (0.8%) | 1.22 (0.13–11.19); p = 0.861 | Insufficient obs |
| Wall type | |||
| Mud/Earthen | 449 (68.8%) | 1.09 (0.69–1.73); p = 0.717 | 1.11 (0.65–1.92); p = 0.697 |
| Cemented | 183 (28.0%) | Reference | Reference |
| Blocks/Bricks | 20 (3.1%) | 0.57 (0.12–2.57); p = 0.462 | 1.44 (0.39–5.34); p = 0.587 |
| Wooden | 1 (0.2%) | Insufficient obs | Insufficient obs |
| Latrine in the compound | |||
| Yes | 540 (82.7%) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 113 (17.3%) | 1.31 (0.79–2.19); p = 0.297 | 0.77 (0.40–1.52); p = 0.457 |
| Handwashing facility near latrine | |||
| Yes | 241 (44.6%) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 299 (55.4%) | 1.27 (0.80–2.02); p = 0.317 | 0.64 (0.38–1.07); p = 0.085 |
| Where do you defecate? | |||
| Bush | 182 (27.9%) | 1.38 (0.89–2.13); p = 0.147 | 0.77 (0.44–1.34); p = 0.352 |
| Latrine | 455 (69.7%) | Reference | Reference |
| Ever been dewormed | |||
| Yes | 349 (53.5%) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 304 (46.6%) | 1.11 (0.74–1.67); p = 0.627 | 0.90 (0.56–1.45); p = 0.653 |
| Tablets received when last dewormed | |||
| One | 309 (88.5%) | 8.63 (1.16–64.16); p = 0.035* | 0.62 (0.26–1.51); p = 0.293 |
| More than one | 40 (11.5%) | Reference | Reference |
| Abdominal pain in the last 2 weeks | |||
| Yes | 339 (51.9%) | 1.16 (0.77–1.75); p = 0.482 | 0.89 (0.55–1.43); p = 0.632 |
| No | 314 (48.1%) | Reference | Reference |
| Diarrhea in the last 2 weeks | |||
| Yes | 291 (44.6%) | 1.22 (0.81–1.84); p = 0.342 | 0.92 (0.57–1.49); p = 0.748 |
| No | 362 (55.4%) | Reference | Reference |
| Improved water source for drinking | |||
| Yes | 275 (42.1%) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 378 (38.4%) | 2.01 (1.29–3.13); p = 0.002* | 0.76 (0.47–1.23); p = 0.262 |
| Wash fruits before eating | |||
| Yes | 402 (61.6%) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 251 (38.4%) | 1.45 (0.96–2.19); p = 0.075 | 0.74 (0.45–1.23); p = 0.253 |
| Wear shoes/slippers when out of the house | |||
| Never | 27 (4.1%) | 3.42 (1.14–10.29); p = 0.028* | 1.23 (0.36–4.18); p = 0.738 |
| Sometimes | 529 (81.0%) | 2.14 (1.04–4.40); p = 0.039* | 0.92 (0.48–1.79); p = 0.813 |
| Always | 97 (14.9%) | Reference | Reference |
| Eat soil | |||
| Yes | 120 (18.4%) | 1.20 (0.72–1.99); p = 0.484 | 0.55 (0.27–1.15); p = 0.111 |
| No | 533 (81.6%) | Reference | Reference |
| Swim in dam/river/lake | |||
| Doesn’t | 408 (62.5%) | Reference | Reference |
| Daily | 128 (19.6%) | 0.85 (0.48–1.49); p = 0.566 | 2.76 (1.57–4.85); p < 0.001* |
| 2–3 times a week | 73 (11.2%) | 1.96 (1.10–3.49); p = 0.023* | 2.70 (1.36–5.34); p = 0.004* |
| Weekly | 42 (6.4%) | 0.86 (0.35–2.13); p = 0.750 | 1.54 (0.57–4.17); p = 0.400 |
| More than weekly | 2 (0.3%) | Insufficient obs | Insufficient obs |
*Indicates a significant p-value