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The identification map of the beamless metal AM technologies in comparison with DED and PBF beam-based methods. As can be seen, AFSD offers the highest mechanical strength and the lowest process and operation cost. Extrusion process is also a low-cost process suitable for low-volume production, while CSAM offers the highest deposition rate (up to 38 kg/h). EFAB and FluidFM 3DP processes possess the highest dimensional accuracy and surface quality.
