Table 3.

Descriptive Statistics and Correlations for Students with a Learning Disability (n=627)

Measure	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Grade 1, SAT-9	1
2. Grade 2, SAT-9	.54	1
3. Grade 3, SAT-10	.52	.70	1
4. Grade 4, SAT-10	.46	.61	.75	1
5. Grade K, PPVT	.28	.23	.33	.27	1
6. Grade 1, PPVT	.23	.24	.36	.27	.73	1
7. Grade 2, PPVT	.23	.30	.42	.32	.74	.76	1
8. Grade 3, PPVT	.27	.33	.48	.37	.64	.70	.80	1
Scale Scoresa (SAT-9/SAT-10) or Standard Scoresb (PPVT-III)
Mean	509.03	558.59	590.12	610.62	88.26	89.59	89.81	90.66
SD	36.01	37.25	38.46	38.38	14.15	15.00	14.43	14.31
Minimum	437	423	523	517	40	40	58	40
Maximum	643	679	763	728	126	132	128	135
Skewness	0.54	0.36	0.70	0.11	−0.42	−0.13	−0.16	−0.45
Kurtosis	0.19	0.24	0.34	−0.74	1.45	0.14	−0.71	−0.15
Z-scores
Mean	−1.21	−0.12	0.72	1.03	−1.03	−0.20	0.44	1.15
SD	0.79	0.82	0.85	0.85	0.99	1.05	1.07	1.07
Minimum	−2.80	−3.11	−0.90	−1.04	−5.04	−4.47	−1.89	−2.06
Maximum	1.74	2.53	4.38	3.61	1.50	2.82	2.90	3.76

Note. SAT-9 = Stanford Achievement Test-9, Reading Comprehension; SAT-10 = Stanford Achievement Test-10, Passage Comprehension. PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. All correlations significant at p < .01.

^aScale scores were only available for the SAT in the original database.

^bStandard scores were only available for the PPVT values in the original database.

We used a reverse look-up procedure using the reference tables in the technical manual to estimate raw scores (see Methods section or contact first author for more information on this procedure).