Table 3.
ENDS Choices among Cigarettes Smokers (N = 55,012)
| Models | Mixed Logit | Nested Logit | Multinomial Logit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) |
| Cigarettes (ref.) | |||
| Vape pen 1: ASC | −2.240*** | −1.29*** | −2.047*** |
| (0.507) | (0.383) | (0.387) | |
| Vape pen 2: ASC | −2.412*** | −1.408*** | −2.107*** |
| (0.578) | (0.387) | (0.59) | |
| None of the above: ASC | −5.922*** | −3.77 | −2.473*** |
| (0.899) | (1.978) | (0.63) | |
| Non-price attribute 1: Less harmful to health than cigarettes (Blank as ref.) | |||
| Yes | 0.39* | 0.356*** | 0.652*** |
| (0.178) | (0.048) | (0.062) | |
| [2.20] | |||
| Non-price attribute 2: Effective for helping people quit (Not effective as ref.) | |||
| Unknown | 0.444*** | 0.256*** | 0.32*** |
| (0.095) | (0.051) | (0.067) | |
| [0.082] | |||
| Effective | 1.371*** | 0.623*** | 1.077*** |
| (0.215) | (0.085) | (0.08) | |
| [1.438] | |||
| Non-price attribute 3: Flavor (Tobacco as ref.) | |||
| Menthol | −0.518*** | −0.172** | −0.262** |
| (0.135) | (0.06) | (0.095) | |
| [0.008] | |||
| Fruit/candy/sweet/other | −0.657*** | −0.006 | −0.008 |
| (0.251) | (0.049) | (0.099) | |
| [2.273] | |||
| Non-price attribute 4: Nicotine Strength | |||
| Nicotine Strength | −0.008 | −0.042* | −0.044 |
| (0.081) | (0.017) | (0.039) | |
| [0.475] | |||
| Price attribute | −0.149*** | −0.08*** | −0.078*** |
| (0.038) | (0.015) | (0.024) | |
| [0.089] | |||
| AIC | 27315 | 26674 | 26699 |
| BIC | 27627 | 26923 | 27216 |
| Log likelihood | −13622 | −13309 | −13292 |
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001
Note.
ASC = Alternative-specific constant.
Clustered standard errors adjusting for correlations within choices by the same individuals are in parentheses. Likelihood-ratio test for IIA: (2) = 534.36, p < .01. Hausman-McFadden test for IIA: (28) = 88.52, p < .01. Standard deviations of random coefficients are in brackets. For convergence, the mixed logit regressions only controlled for gender, age, education (< high school vs high school or more), income (<$20,000 vs above), race/ethnicity (white vs non-white) and ever used ENDS.