| Models | Nested Logit | Multinomial Logit |
|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) |
| Vape pen 1: ASC | −0.928* | −1.53*** |
| (0.382) | (0.391) | |
| Vape pen 2: ASC | −1.056** | −1.583** |
| (0.385) | (0.594) | |
| None of the above: ASC | −2.177 | −1.797** |
| (2.617) | (0.59) | |
| Non-price attribute 1: Less harmful to health than cigarettes (Blank as ref.) | ||
| Yes | 0.36*** | 0.634*** |
| (0.045) | (0.063) | |
| Non-price attribute 2: Effective for helping people quit (Not effective as ref.) | ||
| Unknown | 0.241*** | 0.28*** |
| (0.05) | (0.071) | |
| Effective | 0.615*** | 1.07*** |
| (0.081) | (0.081) | |
| Non-price attribute 3: Flavor (Tobacco as ref.) | ||
| Menthol | −0.185*** | −0.284** |
| (0.058) | (0.095) | |
| Fruit/candy/sweet/other | −0.012 | −0.009 |
| (0.05) | (0.103) | |
| Non-price attribute 4: Nicotine Strength (None as ref.) | ||
| Low | 0.07 | 0.094 |
| (0.051) | (0.1) | |
| Medium | −0.003 | 0.017 |
| (0.054) | (0.114) | |
| High | −0.126* | −0.141 |
| (0.05) | (0.12) | |
| Price attribute: ($3 as ref.) | ||
| Price:$5 | −0.12** | −0.277*** |
| (0.042) | (0.079) | |
| Price:$7 | −0.337*** | −0.495*** |
| (0.049) | (0.088) | |
| AIC | 26699 | 26716 |
| BIC | 26975 | 27260 |
| Log likelihood | −13318 | −13297 |
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001
Note.
ASC = Alternative-specific constant.
Clustered standard errors adjusting for correlations within choices by the same individuals are in parentheses. Standard deviations of random coefficients are in brackets.