Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurolinguistics. 2020 Feb 7;54:100885. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2019.100885
List of experimental sentences, a) predictable, b) unpredictable
Target words are boldfaced, with no–switch condition target words in parenthesis.
Comprehension questions were presented with two answer choices in parenthesis, with the correct answer boldfaced.
1a. Chris went to his postbox to pick up the new carta (letter) from his unhappy boss.
1b. Chris went to his apartment to pick up the new carta (letter) from his unhappy boss.
  Was the boss happy? (yes, no)
2a. After growing up in small town Alex wanted to live in a large ciudad (city) after graduating.
2b. After growing up with his aunt Alex wanted to live in a large ciudad (city) after graduating.
  Does Alex know where to live after graduating? (yes, no)
3a. The playground was filled with many niños (children) from the nursery next door.
3b. The backyard was filled with many niños (children) from the nursery next door.
  Where are the children from? (nursery, kindergarten)
4a. On Sunday morning we went to the oldest iglesia (church) nearby and had lunch with the pastor.
4b. On Friday afternoon we went to the oldest iglesia (church) nearby and had lunch with the pastor.
  Who was the lunch with? (pastor, monk)
5a. The stream was much easier to cross with the wide puente (bridge) built over it.
5b. The area was much easier to cross with the wide puente (bridge) built over it.
  Was the new construction helpful? (yes, no)
6a. The dentist told me to carefully brush my unhealthy dientes (teeth) after every meal.
6b. The doctor told me to carefully clean my unhealthy dientes (teeth) after every meal.
  Was the liver unhealthy? (yes, no)
7a. The children with their swimming suits jumped into the giant piscina (pool) on a warm day.
7b. The children with their colorful shirts dashed to the giant piscina (pool) on a warm day.
  How was the temperature on the day? (warm, hot)
8a. Mary bought a mop to sweep the filthy piso (floor) for the first time in two years.
8b. Mary bought a rag to clean the filthy piso (floor) for the first time in two years.
  How many years ago did Mary clean the floor? (two, three)
9a. Her family had Thanksgiving dinner on Thursday tarde (evening) for the first time in a while.
9b. Her family made holiday food on Thursday tarde (evening) for the first time in a while.
  Does her family make the holiday food often? (yes, no)
10a. The Wright brothers spent many years inventing a working avión (plane) after many experiments.
10b. The gifted brothers spent many years inventing a working avión (plane) after many experiments.
  Was inventing the plane easy? (yes, no)
11a. The open wound was covered with endless sangre (blood) and Jessica fainted after seeing it.
11b. The carpet floor was covered with endless sangre (blood) and Jessica fainted after seeing it.
  Did Jessica faint? (yes, no)
12a. As the presentation was over Rebecca raised her hand to ask some preguntas (questions) at the end.
12b. As the argument was over Rebecca raised her hand to add some preguntas (questions) at the end.
  Who raised her hand? (Rebecca, Rachel)
13a. Some people ran down the busy calle (street) while throwing tomatoes at each other.
13b. Some people ran to the busy calle (street) while throwing tomatoes at each other.
  What were they throwing at each other? (tomatoes, potatoes)
14a. At the cash register I realized I didn’t have enough dinero (money) to pay for my groceries.
14b. At the last minute I realized I didn’t have enough dinero (money) to pay for my groceries.
  What was I trying to buy? (groceries, gifts)
15a. James gathered his shovels to prepare the olive jardín (garden) for the upcoming storm.
15b. James gathered his tools to prepare the olive jardín (garden) for the upcoming storm.
  What did James prepare for? (winter, storm)
16a. In his office Mark had a large desk and a small silla (chair) that was comfortable.
16a. In his office Mark had a whiteboard and a small silla (chair) that was comfortable.
  Does Mark have an office? (yes, no)
17a. Even with the right amount of sugar the cake was overly dulce (sweet) for anyone who tried.
17a. Even with the right amount of planning it was overly dulce (sweet) for anyone who tried.
  Did people like the food? (yes, no)
18a. The sun set behind the ocean as the boys sat on the public playa (beach) before the bonfire.
18b. The sun set behind the horizon as the boys were at the public playa (beach) before the bonfire.
  What are they doing later? (surfing, bonfire)
19a. Gail read about the strike in the local periódico (newspaper) and called her boss.
19b. Gail read about the restaurant in the local periódico (newspaper) and called her boss.
  Who did Gail call? (boyfriend, boss)
20a. The student ran across the classroom to the stern maestra (teacher) after getting the exam back.
20b. The children ran across the yard to the stern maestra (teacher) after getting the exam back.
  What did they get back? (exam, paper)
21a. Ed put his apron on in the shiny cocina (kitchen) while yelling about the burnt meat.
21b. Ed put his slippers on in the shiny cocina (kitchen) while yelling about the burnt meat.
  What was burnt? (meat, egg)
22a. Jacob woke up in the middle of a vivid sueño (dream) in which he was travelling to outer space.
22b. Jacob flinched in the middle of a vivid sueño (dream) in which he was travelling to outer space.
23a. Henry stared at the cloudy sky and asked if more lluvia (rain) was expected later.
23b. Henry stared at the distant hill and asked if more lluvia (rain) was expected later.
24a. After working out Jake reached for the cold trago (drink) to quench his thirst.
24b. After the event Jake reached for the cold trago (drink) to quench his thirst.
25a. Cooper struggled through the wind to close the glass ventana (window) as the dust storm raged on.
25b. Cooper struggled through the wind to get the glass ventana (window) as the dust storm raged on.
26a. Isabella wrote invitation letters for the exciting party (fiesta) that afternoon.
26b. Isabella wrote interesting letters about the exciting party (fiesta) that afternoon.
27a. The secretary cut the sheets of business papel (paper) into little bits until none was left.
27b. The advisor cut the bulks of business papel (paper) into little bits until none was left.
28a. The scent of breakfast filled the air in the early mañana (morning) as the sun was shining.
28b. The scent of flowers filled the air in the early mañana (morning) as the sun was shining.
29a. Eva loves to shop for groceries at the neighborhood mercado (market) in the summer.
29b. Eva loves to look for flowers at the neighborhood mercado (market) in the summer.
30a. Jenny refused to wear the uniforms that her private escuela (school) forced all students to wear.
30b. Jenny refused to wear the clothes that her private escuela (school) forced all students to wear.
31a. The children darted into the mysterious green bosque (forest) as the hunter followed behind.
31b. The children darted towards the strange green bosque (forest) as the hunter followed behind.
32a. Kate bought red papers for Valentine’s Day and cut them into corazón (heart) shaped pieces.
32b. Kate bought craft papers for the special day and cut them into corazón (heart) shaped pieces.
33a. Alexandra took the baked cookies out of her brand new horno (oven) and smelled it.
33b. Alexandra took the tasty food out of her brand new horno (oven) and smelled it.
34a. John put cheese on the trap to catch the noisy ratón (mouse) that lives in the attic.
34b. John put bait on the trap to catch the noisy ratóon (mouse) that lives in the attic.
35a. For Halloween we bought tools to carve a large calabaza (pumpkin) to place next to the door.
35b. For the class we bought tools to carve a large calabaza (pumpkin) to place next to the door.
36a. The patisserie brought the sack of white harina (flour) to try the new recipe.
36b. The chef brought a full bowl of white harina (flour) to try the new recipe.
37a. The police sat down in front of the jewel ladrón (thief) and looked at him.
37b. The child sat down in front of the jewel ladrón (thief) and looked at him.
38a. The little prey squeaked as the bald águila (eagle) glided down to snatch it away.
38b. The little animal looked up as the bald águila (eagle) glided down to snatch it away.
39a. Sam went to the dumpster to throw away the full bag of nasty basura (garbage) that was very old.
39b. Sam went down to the basement to gather the full bag of nasty basura (garbage) that was very old.
40a. Janet dried her dog with the white toalla (towel) after the heavy rain.
40b. Janet patted her dog with the white toalla (towel) after the heavy rain.
41a. Angela made a pumpkin pie using a special receta (recipe) that she got from her grandmother.
41b. Angela made something new with a special receta (recipe) that she got from her grandmother.
42a. I usually wash my dishes with a soft esponja (sponge) that I bought from the grocery store.
42b. I usually wash my feet with a soft esponja (sponge) that I bought from the grocery store.
43a. The kids decided to skip the meal to enjoy the sweet postre (dessert) that Sarah made.
43b. The kids decided to skip the line to enjoy the sweet postre (dessert) that Sarah made.
44a. Sean was asked to blow and tie up the yellow globo (balloon) for the birthday party.
44b. Sean was asked to reach and hold the yellow globo (balloon) for the birthday party.
45a. The witch looked for a tree branch to transform into a useful escoba (broom) she wanted to have.
45b. The woman looked for a tree branch to transform into a useful escoba (broom) she wanted to have.
46a. The cleaning product removed the strange mancha (stain) in seconds after it touched the clothes.
46b. The interesting product left the strange mancha (stain) in seconds after it touched the clothes.
47a. The astronauts gazed into the sky to see a trace of the flying cohete (rocket) they sent earlier.
47b. The scientists gazed into the sky to see a trace of the flying cohete (rocket) they sent earlier.
48a. The ice cream sundae was topped with a ripe cereza (cherry) on the top.
48b. The ice cream sundae was served with a ripe cereza (cherry) on the top.
49a. She took her mittens and a woolen bufanda (scarf) out of the storage chest.
49b. She took her leggings and a woolen bufanda (scarf) out of the storage chest.
50a. At a dark fall night you can hear the chirping grillo (cricket) on the back porch.
50b. At a dark quiet time you can hear the chirping grillo (cricket) on the back porch.
51a. Aladdin asked Genie whether he could get a flying alfombra (carpet) for his birthday present.
51b. Trevor asked Annie whether he could get a flying alfombra (carpet) for his birthday present.
52a. Emma pulled back the plastic shower cortina (curtain) and stepped into the tub.
52b. Emma glanced at the new shower cortina (curtain) and stepped into the tub.
53a. The girl went into the bathtub with soap and made burbuja (bubble) with the soap.
53b. The girl went out to the backyard with toys and made burbuja (bubble) with the soap.
54a. One must press the round botón (button) in order for the machine to work.
54b. One must touch the round botón (button) in order for the machine to work.
55a. Snow White bit into the poisoned manzana (apple) that the wicked witch had given her.
55b. The woman checked the poisoned manzana (apple) that the wicked witch had given her.
56a. Tom set up the trap for Jerry with a piece of small queso (cheese) hanging from the ceiling.
56b. Robert set up a prank for Ian with a piece of small queso (cheese) hanging from the ceiling.
57a. San Francisco was devastated after the large terremoto (earthquake) many years ago.
57b. The island was devastated after the large terremoto (earthquake) many years ago.
58a. Before the game the goalkeeper put on his leather guante (glove) as he waved at his fans.
58b. Before the show the comedian bought a leather guante (glove) as he waved at his fans.
59a. The golden glove winner showed off his proud trofeo (trophy) that he finally won.
59b. The happy young man showed off the proud trofeo (trophy) that he finally won.
60a. The shore near the sea had few eggs that a green tortuga (turtle) laid last week.
60b. The place near the tree had few eggs that a green tortuga (turtle) laid last week.
61a. The beautiful bride glided down the aisle to the nervous novio (groom) and handed him flowers.
61b. The little girls glided down the aisle to the nervous novio (groom) and handed him flowers.
62a. I shrieked when I saw the large hairy araña (spider) that was crawling under the table.
62b. I shrieked when I saw the wild hairy araña (spider) that was crawling under the table.
63a. James put the book back on the wooden estante (shelf) and hurried out of the room.
63b. James put the paper back on the wooden estante (shelf) and hurried out of the room.
64a. Lily took out her sewing kit and put on her small silver dedal (thimble) before mending.
64b. Lily took out her toolbox and put on her small silver dedal (thimble) before mending.