Table 3.

Detection performance of recent plasmonic optical fiber biochemical sensors

Sensor configuration	Type of excitation	Functional materials	Analyte and sensor performances	Ref.
Side-polished SMF	SPR	Au layer+SAM+antigen LP	Legionella pneumophila (LP)	[23]
			LOD 101 CFU (colony forming unit)/ml
Side-polished SMF	SPR	Au layer+SAM+antigen SEB	Staphylococcal enteroxin B (SEB)	[24]
			LOD 10 ng/ml
Unclad MMF	SPR	Ag layer+lipase enzyme	Triacylglycerides	[78]
			S 3.17 nm/mM in the range 0.5–7.0 mM
Unclad MMF	SPR	Ag, Si layers+enzyme gel	Urea	[79]
			S < 0.2 nm/mM in the range 0–160 mM
Unclad MMF	SPR	Au layer+4-aminothiophenol+anti-apolipoprotein B	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	[80]
			S 0.18 nm/(mg/dl) in the range 0–190 mg/dl
Unclad MMF	SPR	Ag layer+tyrosinase gel	Phenolic compounds in aqueous samples	[81]
			LOD 38 μm for phenol to 100 μm for catechol
Unclad MMF	SPR	Au layer+nanobeads+polyclonal Ara h1 antibody	Ara h1 peanut allergens in complex food matrices	[82]
			LOD 0.09 μg/ml (with nanobead enhanced assay)
Unclad MMF	SPR	Au layer+SAM+streptavidin+biotinylated ssDNA aptamers	DNA hybridization assay	[83]
			Human immunoglobulin E (hIgE)
			LOD 2 nm
Unclad MMF	SPR	Au layer+ssDNA+AuNP modified ssDNA	Genetic mutations in PCR amplified DNA of bacterium Legionella pneumophila	[84]
			LOD 1 nm
Unclad MMF	SPR	Au layer+SAM+streptavidin+biotinylated eGFP (enhanced green fluorescence protein)	p3 and p8 bacteriophages binding	[85]
			Kinetic analysis
TFBGs	SPR	Au layer+thiol-modified aptamers	Thrombin in buffer and serum solutions	[66, 86]
			LOD 22 nm
TFBGs	SPR	Au layer+SAM+anti-transferrins	Transferrin	[87]
			LOD 10−6 g/ml
TFBGs	SPR	Au layer+fibronectin	Analysis of cellular behavior under different stimuli	[88]
Specialty fiber	SPR	Ag layer+SAM+biotin+neutravidin+biotinylated anti-CLU IgG and anti-apoE IgG	Gastric cancer biomarkers: apolipoprotein E (apoE) and clusterin (CLU)	[89]
			Two cascaded sensing regions
End face MMF	LSPR	Spherical Au NPs+anti-IFN-γ and anti-PSA	Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)	[90]
			LOD 2 pg/ml for IFN-γ and 1 pg/ml for PSA
End face SMF	LSPR	Au nanodisks+SAM+mouse anti-human PSA	Free prostate specific antigen (f-PSA)	[91]
			LOD 100 fg/ml (ca. 3 fM)
U-shaped	LSPR	Spherical Au NPs+glucose oxidase	Blood glucose	[92]
			Intensity changes in the range 0–250 mg/dl
Unclad MMF	LSPR	Spherical Au NPs+SAM+anti-IL-1β	Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in synovial fluids	[93]
			LOD 21 pg/ml (1.2 pM)
Unclad MMF	LSPR	Au nanorods/nanospheres+human IgG	Anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG)	[94]
			LOD 1.6 nm
Unclad MMF	LSPR	Spherical Au NPs+anti-TNF-α and anti-MMP-3	Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) in synovial fluid	[95]
			LOD 8.2 pg/ml (0.48 pM) and 34 pg/ml (1.6 pM)
Unclad MMF	LSPR	Au nanorods+anti-CymMV and anti-ORSV	Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) Odontoglossumringspot virus (ORSV)	[96]
			LOD 48 pg/ml for CymMV and 42 pg/ml for ORSV
Unclad POF	LSPR	Au NPs+anti SARS-CoV N proteins	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) nucleocapsid protein (N protein) in human serum	[97]
			LOD 1 pg/ml
TFBGs	LSPR	APTMS, glutaraldehyde and cysteamine thin films+Au nanocages/nanospheres	Biotin	[98]
			LOD 11 pM (nanospheres) to 8 pM (nanocages)
PCF+FBG	LSPR	Oligonucleotide-functionalized Au NPs	DNA target sequences	[99]
Unclad MMF	SPR	Ag or Au layer+silicon+bromocresol purple	Ammonia	[100]
			LOD 10 ppm
Unclad MMF	SPR	Au layer+SiO2+Palladium	Hydrogen	[101]
			LOD 0.5 %
Unclad MMF	SPR	Pd layer for H2	H2, H2S, and H2O	[102]
		Ag layer for H2S
		Au+SiO2 for moisture
U-shaped	LSPR	Au NPs+4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA)+l-cysteine+cysteamine	Nitro-based explosive molecules	[103]
			LOD ppb for TNT vapors