Table 2.
Effect of Select Agents/Drugs on Total ACF and Colon Tumors in Preclinical and Clinical Studiesa
| Agent/Drug | Preclinical Studies | Clinical Studies | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total ACF (model) | Adenoma/Cancer (model) | Total rectal ACF (subject population) |
Adenoma (subject population) |
|
| Aspirin | ↓ (AOM) (61-65)
↓ (DMH) (66) |
↓ (DMH) (67) ↓ (AOM) (65, 68, 69) ↓ (AOM-DSS) (70) No effect (AOM) (71) |
↓ (CRC) (60) | ↓ (CRC) (72) ↓ (adenomas) (73) ↓ (nonsmokers with adenoma or adenocarcinomas) (74) |
| Celecoxib | ↓ (DMH) (66, 75) | ↓ (AOM) (68) ↓ (ApcMin) (76, 77) |
No effect (adenomas) (12) | ↓ (adenomas) (78) |
| DFMO | ↓ (AOM) (79, 80) | ↓ (AOM) (62, 71, 80, 81) ↓ (ApcMin) (77) |
||
| Sulindac | ↓ (AOM) (82) | ↓ (ApcMin) (77) ↓ (Pirc) (83) ↓ size only (ApcMin-FCCC) (34) |
↓ (no history of polyps) (84) No effect (CRC or advanced adenomas) (13) |
↓ (FAP) (85-88) ↓ (no history of polyps) (84) |
| DFMO + Aspirin | ↓ (AOM) (62) | ↓ (CRC or advanced adenomas) (89) | No effect (CRC or advanced adenomas) (89) | |
| DFMO + Sulindac | ↓ (ApcMin) (77) | ↓ (adenomas) (90) Ongoing (FAP) (91) |
||
| DFMO + Celecoxib | ↓ (ApcMin) (77) | No better than celecoxib alone (FAP) (92) | ||
| Etodolac (COX-2 inhibitor) |
↓ (AOM) (82) | ↓ (AOM-DSS) (93) |
No effect (no history of polyps) (84) | No effect (no history of polyps) (84) |
| Atorvastatin | ↓ (dysplastic ACF) (baseline tumor-free ApcMin-FCCC) (34) | ↓ (AOM) (68) ↓ (ApcMin) (76) ↓ Incidence (baseline tumor-free ApcMin-FCCC) (34) |
No effect (CRC or advanced adenomas) (13) | |
| Curcumin | ↓ (AOM) (94, 95) ↓ (DMH) (75, 96) |
↓ (AOM) (97, 98) ↓ (AOM-DSS) (99) |
↓ (smokers, no history of polyps) (100) | No effect (FAP) (101) |
| Metformin | ↓ (DMH & diabetic) (102) ↓ (DMH) (103) ↓ (AOM) (104) |
↓ (DMH & diabetic) (102) ↓ (AOM) (104) |
↓ (nondiabetic, no CRC) (105) ↓ (impaired glucose tolerance, no polyps) (106) |
↓ (nondiabetic adults with adenomas) (107) |
a
DFMO: difluoromethylornithine; CRC: colorectal cancer; FAP: familial adenomatous polyposis; DMH: dimethylhydrazine; AOM: azoxymethane; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; Apc: adenomatous polyposis coli; ApcMin-FCCC: Fox Chase Cancer Center strain of ApcMin mice; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2