Figure 2. Loss of Raptor decreases the strength of evoked excitatory synaptic transmission via changes in quantal size and synapse number.

(A₁) Example traces of evoked EPSCs (eEPSCs) recorded from single-neuron primary hippocampal cultures of Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons. (A₂) Plot showing the values of peak eEPSC amplitudes recorded from Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons on a logarithmic scale. (A₃) Plot showing the values of single exponential fits to the fast component of the eEPSC decay recorded from Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons on a linear scale. (B₁) Example traces of average miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) recorded from single-neuron primary hippocampal cultures of Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons. (B₂) Plot showing the values of mEPSC peak amplitudes recorded from Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons. (B₃) Plot showing the distributions of mEPSC decay time constants recorded from Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons. (C₁) Example traces of the current response to 500 mM sucrose application recorded from single-neuron primary hippocampal cultures of Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons. The black line indicates the time of sucrose application. (C₂) Plot showing the values of the charge contained in the readily releasable pool (RRP) of Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons, as determined by integrating the sucrose response after subtracting the steady state component. (C₃) Plot showing the number of vesicles contained in the RRP of Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons, as determined by dividing the RRP charge by the mean mEPSC charge for each neuron. (D₁) Representative images showing fluorescence intensity in a red color look up table (LUT) from VGLUT1 immunostaining superimposed on a tracing of the cell body and dendrites from a Raptor-Con (left) and a Raptor-KO (right) neuron. (D₂) Plot showing the values of synapse number per neuron for Raptor-Con (black) and Raptor-KO (red) neurons. For all dot plots, each dot represents the mean response from one neuron sampled from three independent cultures and the bars show the estimated marginal means and standard errors. ** indicates a p value of < 0.01, *** indicates p<0.001 and n.s. indicates p>0.05, as tested with Generalized Estimating Equations.