Figure 1.

CXCL1 is significantly upregulated in radiotherapy and mesenchymal subtype. A, Microarray analysis for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in short‐term radiotherapy (16Gy, 4 d vs negative control) using GEO database (GSE56937). B, Microarray analysis for DEGs in long‐term radiotherapy (16Gy, 35 d vs negative control) using GEO database (GSE56937). C, Microarray analysis for DEGs in mesenchymal subtype of GBM cells (MES vs PN) by calculating GEO database (GSE67089). D, Venn diagram for upregulated genes in both three sets of comparisons, indicating that CXCL1 was one of the most upregulated genes in radiotherapy as well as mesenchymal subtype. E, Gene expression analysis with Rembrandt database showed that CXCL1 was up‐regulated in GBM samples compared with Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma and nontumor tissues (*P < .05, **P < .01, with one‐way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's posttest). F, CXCL1 mRNA expression in human glioma cell lines and NHA was measured by qRT‐PCR (**P < .01, *P < .05, with one‐way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post‐test). G, CXCL1 protein expression in human glioma cell lines and NHA was measured by Western blot analysis. β‐actin was used as an internal control. All data were reported as the mean ± SD of triplicate independent experiments