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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Jan 29;125:109956. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109956

Figure 1. Targets and functional consequences of PPM1D signaling.

Figure 1.

The expression and function of PPM1D is regulated by upstream NF-kB, BRCA1, ER receptor, APPBP2, etc. PPM1D phosphatase directly dephosphorylates target proteins including KPNA2, ATM, Chk1/2, Mdm2, p53, p38 MAPK, p16, H2AX and p16, leading to inhibition of apoptosis and promotion of tumorigenesis, invasion, migration and chemoresistance. AKT, AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase; APPBP2, Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein Binding Protein 2; ATM, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated; ATO, Arsenic Trioxide; BAX, BCL2 Associated X; BCL2, BCL2 Apoptosis Regulator; BRCA1, BRCA1 DNA Repair Associated; CHK1/2, Checkpoint Kinase 1/2; DDR, DNA Damage Response; ER, Estrogen Receptor; GSK-3β, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta; H2AX, H2A Histone Family Member X; HIPK2, Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 2; KPNA2, Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 2; MDM2, Murine Double Minute 2; NF-κB, Nuclear Factor Kappa B; P38 MAPK, P38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases; PPM1D, Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ Dependent 1D; TP53, Tumor Protein P53; WEE1, WEE1 G2 Checkpoint Kinase.