Table 3.
Estimates for Regression Models Showing Linear and Nonlinear Effects for Adolescent Morningness-Eveningness on Adjustment Variables
| Externalizing | Internalizing | Depression | Anxiety | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | |
| Intercept | 50.03*** (1.27) | 50.74*** (1.62) | 7.87*** (0.82) | 11.17*** (1.00) |
| Sex | 0.28 (2.01) | −3.97 (2.54) | −0.95 (1.32) | −4.69** (1.61) |
| Race/ethnicity | −1.59 (1.68) | 0.99 (2.18) | −0.36 (1.14) | −1.23 (1.38) |
| SES | −0.55 (0.53) | −0.47 (0.68) | −0.64† (0.36) | −0.50 (0.42) |
| zBMI | 0.32 (0.73) | 0.09 (0.94) | −0.15 (0.55) | 0.11 (0.64) |
| Sleep minutes | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.03* (0.01) |
| M-E | −4.87*** (1.03) | −3.36** (1.34) | −2.70*** (0.67) | −1.90* (0.81) |
| M-E2 | 0.37 (0.71) | 0.64 (0.92) | 0.38 (0.47) | 0.15 (0.57) |
| M-E x Sex | 2.20 (1.68) | 1.10 (2.19) | 1.30 (1.07) | 1.13 (1.13) |
| M-E2 x Sex | −0.67 (1.17) | −0.56 (1.52) | −0.42 (0.74) | 0.02 (0.90) |
| R2 | .18** (0.06) | .12* (0.05) | .15** (0.05) | .14** (0.05) |
Note. Unstandardized parameter estimates and standard errors are reported. Sex was coded as 0 = female, 1 = male; race/ethnicity was coded as 0 = White, 1 = Black. SES = socioeconomic status (income-to-needs ratio); zBMI = standardized body mass index; M-E = morningness-eveningness. Morningness-eveningness was standardized in analyses; higher score = more morningness. Externalizing problems and internalizing symptoms were derived with YSR (T scores); depression symptoms were derived with CDI; anxiety symptoms were derived with RCMAS-2.
†
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p ≤ .01.
***
p < .001.