Table 5.
Estimates for Regression Models Showing Linear and Nonlinear Effects for Adolescent Sleepiness on Adjustment Variables
| Externalizing | Internalizing | Depression | Anxiety | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | |
| Intercept | 50.85*** (1.38) | 14.22*** (1.22) | 9.53*** (0.87) | 12.12*** (0.10) |
| Sex | −1.24 (2.26) | −7.58*** (1.99) | −3.82** (1.44) | −5.87*** (1.66) |
| Race/ethnicity | −2.59 (1.77) | −1.88 (1.57) | −1.86 (1.16) | −2.65* (1.32) |
| SES | 0.12 (0.52) | −0.20 (0.49) | −0.67† (0.35) | −0.40 (0.39) |
| zBMI | 0.12 (0.75) | 0.35 (0.66) | −0.06 (0.56) | 0.33 (0.61) |
| Sleep minutes | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.03* (0.14) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.02* (0.01) |
| Sleepiness | 3.57** (1.18) | 5.06*** (1.05) | 3.28*** (0.78) | 3.11*** (0.88) |
| Sleepiness2 | −0.41 (1.41) | −2.83* (1.26) | −2.70** (0.91) | −1.74† (1.03) |
| Sleepiness x Sex | −1.52 (2.04) | 0.62 (1.82) | −1.01 (1.33) | 1.52 (1.52) |
| Sleepiness2 x Sex | 3.01 (2.45) | 5.45* (2.18) | 4.63** (1.60) | 4.56* (1.82) |
| R2 | .11* (0.05) | .29*** (0.06) | .17** (0.06) | .24*** (0.06) |
Note. Unstandardized parameter estimates and standard errors are reported. Sex was coded as 0 = female, 1 = male; race/ethnicity was coded as 0 = White, 1 = Black. SES = socioeconomic status (income-to-needs ratio); zBMI = standardized body mass index. Sleepiness was standardized in analyses. Externalizing problems and internalizing symptoms were derived with YSR (T scores); depression symptoms were derived with CDI; anxiety symptoms were derived with RCMAS-2.
†
p ≤ .10.
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p ≤ .001.