Table 4.

Standardized Estimates from Cross-Lagged Panel Models (CLPM) and Random Intercepts Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM) of Self-Esteem and Family Environment

Family environment Variable (X)	CLPM			RI-CLPM
		Cross-lagged effects			Cross-lagged effects
	rX,SE	X→SE	SE→X	rX,SE	X→SE	SE→X
Parenting behaviors
Warmth	.47*	.15*	.03	—	—	—
Hostility	−.46*	−.01	.07	−.12	−.11	.07
Monitoring	.50*	.10*	.01	—	—	—
Involvement in education	.48*	.05	−.04	—	—	—
Parental characteristics
Parental relationship	.16*	.05	.05	.18	.06	.06
Family values of mother	.26*	.00	.06*	.22	−.01	.07
Family values of father	−.04	.04	.07*	−.17	.10	.20*
Depression of mother	−.10	−.09*	−.02	−.14	−.16*	−.02
Depression of father	−.11	.00	−.02	−.09	−.02	−.01
Economic hardship	−.25*	−.06*	−.01	−.14	−.18	−.14
Presence of father	—	.07*	—	—	—	—

Note. For the CLPM, r_X,SE is the correlation between the latent constructs at Time 1. For the RI-CLPM, r_X,SE is the correlation between the random intercepts. Cross-lagged effects were averaged across intervals. Dash for CLPM indicates that coefficient was not included in the model (see Footnote 4 for explanation). Dash for RI-CLPM indicates that model did not converge or did not converge properly (see Results section for explanation). Unstandardized estimates, standard errors, and exact p-values are reported in Supplemental Table S5 (CLPM) and Supplemental Table S6 (RI-CLPM). SE = self-esteem.

^*p < .05