Table 5.

Total Effect, Overall Direct Effect, and Overall Indirect Effect of Parental Characteristic at Time 1 on Self-Esteem at Time 4 (Cross-Lagged Panel Models)

	Total effect		Overall direct effect		Overall indirect effect
Parental characteristic	Std. Est.	Unstd. Est. [95% CI]	Std. Est.	Unstd. Est. [95% CI]	Std. Est.	Unstd. Est. [95% CI]
With parental warmth as mediator
Depression of mother	−.085*	−.061 [−.103, −.022]	−.080*	−.057 [−.096, −.025]	−.005	−.003 [−.019, .008]
Economic hardship	−.102*	−.074 [−.135, −.021]	−.082*	−.059 [−.117, −.013]	−.020*	−.014 [−.032, −.003]
Presence of father	.019	.018 [−.068, .105]	.013	.012 [−.063, .094]	.006	.005 [−.012, .026]
With parental monitoring as mediator
Depression of mother	−.090*	−.065 [−.105, −.028]	−.082*	−.059 [−.100, −.024]	−.008	−.006 [−.019, .002]
Economic hardship	−.089*	−.065 [−.127, −.012]	−.073*	−.053 [−.113, −.004]	−.015*	−.011 [−.028, −.002]
Presence of father	.053	.051 [−.055, .138]	.033	.031 [−.074, .130]	.020*	.019 [.001, .054]

Note. The significance of the estimates was tested using the bootstrapped bias-corrected 95% CI. Std. Est. = standardized estimate;

Unstd. Est = unstandardized estimate; CI = confidence interval.

^*p < .05