TABLE 1A.
Antifungal activity of plant extracts on Aspergillus spp.
| Plant/compounds | Type of extract or oils | Major components | Antifungal activity | Concentration of active compound(s) (mg L–1 or ml L–1) | References |
| Jojoba oil | Gadoleic acid, erucic acid | Growth inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus, A. ochraceus, Fusarium solani, Penicillium sp. | n.p. | Badr et al. (2017) | |
| Jojoba pomace extract | Aqueous isopropyl extract, pH 4–5 | 84.7% phenols, 15.3% flavonoids | |||
| Jatropha oil | Linoleic acid, oleic acid | ||||
| Jatropha pomace extract | Aqueous isopropyl extract, pH 4–5 | 78.4% phenols, 21.6% flavonoids | |||
| Mentha (Mentha pulegium L.) | Aqueous extract | n.p. | Growth inhibition of A. flavus | 8,000 | Omidpanah et al. (2015) |
| Senna (Cassia senna L.) | 6000 | ||||
| Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) | 8,000 | ||||
| Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) | 2,000 | ||||
| Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) | 4,000 | ||||
| Hairy cistus (Cistus incanus L.) | Methanolic extract | n.p. | Growth inhibition of A. parasiticus; up to 90% of reduction of AFB1 production in YES medium and 86% in macadamia nuts | n.p. | Kalli et al. (2018) |
| Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeglanicum Garcin ex Blume) | Diluted water extract (3, 5, 7, and 9% v/v) | 88.7% cinnamaldehyde | Up to 100% growth inhibition of Aspergillus flavus on PDA extract (using 3% extract after 1 day); 100% reduction of AFB1 production in pistachio nuts | n.p. | Khorasani et al. (2017) |
| Clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.) | 71.1% eugenol | ||||
| Thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak) | Thymol (73.9%) and carvacrol (6.7%) | Up to 100% growth inhibition of Aspergillus flavus on PDA extract (using 7% extract after 1 day); up to 100% reduction of AFB1 production in pistachio nuts | |||
| Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) | Commercially available essential oil | 86% carvacrol | Growth inhibition of A. parasiticus and A. flavus in maize extract medium under different environmental conditions (25–37°C, aw 0.99–0.96) | 152–505 | Gómez et al. (2018) |
| Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) | 66.5% cinnamaldehyde | 295–675 | |||
| Cinnamon (Cinnamomum jensenianum Hand.-Mazz.) | EO obtained by hydrodistillation | 17.3% eucalyptol, 12.5% α-terpineol | Growth inhibition of A. flavus, A. oryzae, A. niger; up to 100% of reduction of AFB1 production | 2 (in vitro)–120 (in vivo) | Tian et al. (2012b) |
| Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) | EO obtained by hydrodistillation | n.p. | Growth inhibition of A. flavus by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), acidification of external medium, and mitochondrial ATPase and dehydrogenase activities | 25–2,000 | Tian et al. (2012a) |
| Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) | EO obtained by hydrodistillation | n.p. | 100% growth inhibition of Aspergillus spp. | 2 | Tian et al. (2011) |
| Up to 86.1 and 94.4% growth inhibition of Aspergillus spp. in healthy and wounded cherry tomatoes, respectively | 100 | ||||
| Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) | EO obtained by hydrodistillation | 40.6% borneol, 19.9% α-terpineol, 12.3% camphene | Growth inhibition of A. flavus, up to 100% of reduction of AFB1 production | 1,500 (for AFB1 reduction); 2,500 (for A. flavus growth inhibition) | Kohiyama et al. (2015) |
| Thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak) | Hydrodistillates resuspended in ethanol | n.p. | Mycelial growth and spore production inhibition of A. flavus, up to 100% of reduction of AFB1 production | 350 | Gorran et al. (2013) |
| Savory (Satureja khuzestanica) | |||||
| Savory (Satureja macrosiphonia Bornm) | Mycelial growth and spore production inhibition of A. flavus, up to 56.8% of reduction of AFB1 production | 500 | |||
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) | Hydrodistillates resuspended in 5% (v/v) Tween-20 | Oxygenated sesquiterpenes9pc (60.7%) Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (34.3%) | Up to: 93.41% mycelial growth inhibition; 93.41% spore germination inhibition; 74.6% activity inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase and 84.7% dehydrogenases activity inhibition | n.p. | Hu et al. (2014) |
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) | EO obtained by hydrodistillation | ar-turmerone (33.2%), α-turmerone (23.5%), ß-turmerone (22.7%) | Up to 99.0% inhibition of AFB1 production using 5% (w/w) of extract | n.p. | Ferreira et al. (2013) |
| Ferula (Ferulago capillaris Link ex Spreng.) | EO obtained by hydrodistillation | α-Pinene (35.8%) and limonene (30.9%) | Inhibition of Aspergillus spp. growth | 640–1,250 | Pinto et al. (2013) |
n.p., not provided.