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. 2020 Mar 18;10:4965. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61774-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Box-plot representations of SIMS δ¹³C data for irregular clots, particle coatings/impregnations and generic carbonaceous material (other CM) in the studied samples of the Josefsdal Chert. Comparisons are given with well-defined carbon isotope fractionations for the products of anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesisers, and methane and sulphur-cycling organisms (compiled after McCandless and Gurney⁷⁷; Schidlowski¹⁵; Londry and Des Marais⁷⁶; Vieth and Wilkes¹⁶). Well-defined microstructures (clots and coatings) have negative and restricted δ¹³C ranges consistent with biological mediation by multiple pathways. Coatings are characterised by δ¹³C values slightly more negative than clots (averaging −15.16‰ versus −9.44‰). Generic CM (other CM) in the same samples is characterised by a wide range of positive and negative δ¹³C values (between −47.4 ± 8.3‰ and +13.5 ± 2.0‰) bearing less resemblance to products resulting from specific biological pathways.