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. 2020 Mar 18;10:4965. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61774-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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µPIXE spectra after mapping within carbon-rich volcanic particle coatings (a) and generic carbonaceous material in the form of flakes (b). (a) µPIXE optical image of representative particle coating and accompanying spectra with peak identification for the energy range 0–18 keV. (b) µPIXE optical image of a representative carbonaceous flake and accompanying spectra with peak identification for the energy range 0–18 keV. Note the very strong enrichments in certain transition metals within the flake (Fe, Ni, Ti) corresponding to their spatially restricted accumulation within micro-mineral particles as shown in Fig. S15-S16.