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. 2020 Mar 12;11:329. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00329

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Copyright © 2020 Sen, Borah, Kandimalla, Bora and Deka.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microscopic observation of the effect of the sophorolipid produced by R. babjevae YS3 (SL-YS3) on mycelial integrity of T. mentagrophytes. (A) Scanning electron micrographs of the mycelial damage induced by SL-YS3 and terbinafine (TRB) treatment. Magnification = 5000, scale bar = 2 μm. (B) Atomic force microscopic images to visualize the topographical changes induced by SL-YS3 and TRB treatment (1 mg ml^–1) in comparison to the untreated control mycelia. Images were acquired after 24 h of treatment. Total scanning area for the images are 100 μm × 100 μm. (C) Confocal microscopic images to determine the uptake of propidium iodide (PI) in the mycelia treated with SL-YS3 and TRB at a concentration of 1 mg ml^–1 (w/v) as compared to the untreated mycelia. Scale bar = 25 μm.