Table 4.
Conditional Logistic Regression Model Results
| Patient characteristics | Primary model | Primary model | Secondary model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted results, N = 894 cases, 3576 controls | Adjusted results, N = 894 cases, 3576 controls | Adjusted results, N = 392 cases, 1568 controls | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Race | ||||||
| White (reference group) | 1 (–) | 1 (–) | 1 (–) | |||
| Non-white | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 0.26 | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 0.49 | 0.89 (0.61–1.31) | 0.57 |
| Unknown | 0.94 (0.70–1.25) | 0.67 | 1.10 (0.81–1.48) | 0.56 | 1.38 (0.90–2.14) | 0.14 |
| Overall p value | 0.46 | 0.69 | 0.26 | |||
| Peak dose, MME | ||||||
| 31–< 50 | 1.24 (0.75–2.04) | 0.40 | 1.23 (0.73–2.08) | 0.44 | ||
| 50–< 90 | 1 (–) | 1 (–) | 0.33 (0.12–0.95) | 0.04 | ||
| 90–< 120 | 1.14 (0.94–1.40) | 0.18 | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 0.34 | 1 (–) | |
| 120–< 150 | 1.44 (1.10–1.88) | 0.01 | 1.38 (1.04–1.83) | 0.02 | 1.25 (0.90–1.74) | 0.19 |
| 150–< 200 | 1.32 (0.98–1.78) | 0.07 | 1.23 (0.90–1.68) | 0.20 | 1.22 (0.86–1.72) | 0.26 |
| 200+ | 1.51 (1.14–1.99) | 0.004 | 1.51 (1.12–2.04) | 0.01 | 1.45 (1.04–2.03) | 0.03 |
| Overall p value | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |||
| SNRI or TCA medication exposure | 1.31 (1.12–1.52) | 0.0005 | 1.19 (1.01–1.40) | 0.04 | 1.24 (0.97–1.58) | 0.09 |
| Gabapentin or pregabalin medication exposure | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) | 0.0004 | 1.26 (1.06–1.49) | 0.008 | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | 0.26 |
| Benzodiazepine medication exposure | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 0.26 | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 0.44 | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | 0.24 |
| Behavioral health treatment | 1.61 (1.37–1.89) | < 0.0001 | 1.22 (1.00–1.48) | 0.05 | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 0.79 |
| Opioid use disorder diagnosis | 1.81 (1.46–2.25) | < 0.0001 | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) | 0.33 | 1.56 (1.10–2.20) | 0.01 |
| Substance use disorder diagnosis | 2.26 (1.88–2.73) | < 0.0001 | 1.74 (1.41–2.16) | < 0.0001 | 2.19 (1.60–3.00) | < 0.0001 |
| Major depression diagnosis | 1.48 (1.24–1.77) | < 0.0001 | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 0.46 | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | 0.94 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis | 1.26 (0.91–1.76) | 0.16 | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 0.61 | 1.97 (1.11–3.47) | 0.02 |
| Count of anatomical regions with pain diagnoses1 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 0.003 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.54 | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 0.27 |
| Taper plan in any of the prior 3 quarters | ||||||
| None (reference group) | 1 (–) | 1 (–) | 1 (–) | |||
| Any | 4.00 (3.29–4.87) | < 0.0001 | 3.63 (2.96–4.46) | < 0.0001 | 3.57 (2.65–4.81) | < 0.0001 |
| Taper plan by source | ||||||
| None (reference group) | 1 (–) | 1 (–) | 1 (–) | |||
| SIG discontinuation or simple plan | 4.35 (3.47–5.44) | < 0.0001 | 4.03 (3.19–5.09) | < 0.0001 | 3.60 (2.57–5.04) | < 0.0001 |
| Clinical explicit note only | 3.27 (2.34–4.57) | < 0.0001 | 2.82 (2.00–3.99) | < 0.0001 | 3.50 (2.06–5.92) | < 0.0001 |
1Pain is coded as a continuous count of 11 pain diagnoses from 0 to 5 where 5 = at least 5 (categories include abdominal, arthritis, back, chest, chronic, fibromyalgia, head, limb, neck, neuropathies, and pelvic pain)