. 2019 Nov 12;35(3):743–752. doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-05449-x

Table 2.

Combined Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Pneumonia Outcomes, Costs, and Value by Hospital Type and Patient Risk on Admission

Outcome (% unless noted)	Cohort	AMI (N = 43,990 pairs)	HF (N = 84,985 pairs)	PNA (N = 74,947 pairs)	Combined patients (N = 203,922 pairs)	Combined quintiles of risk on admission (Q1 = lowest)					Trend P value*
Outcome (% unless noted)	Cohort	AMI (N = 43,990 pairs)	HF (N = 84,985 pairs)	PNA (N = 74,947 pairs)	Combined patients (N = 203,922 pairs)	Q1 (N = 41,851 pairs)	Q2 (N = 39,207 pairs)	Q3 (N = 39,738 pairs)	Q4 (N = 40,547 pairs)	Q5 (N = 42,579 pairs)	Trend P value*
	% of pairs	21.5	41.7	36.8	100.0	20.5	19.2	19.5	19.9	20.9
30-day mortality (%)	Teaching	12.1	8.3	12.7	10.7	2.5	4.8	7.9	13.1	24.6	0.0001
	Non-teaching	12.9	9.3	14.5	12.0	2.6	5.4	8.9	14.9	27.6
	Difference	− 0.9^d	− 1.0^d	− 1.8^d	− 1.3^d	− 0.1	− 0.6^c	− 0.9^d	− 1.8^d	− 3.0^d
30-day resource cost ($, m-est.)	Teaching	23,875	19,067	16,762	19,249	16,464	18,378	19,041	20,051	22,265	< 0.0001
	Non-teaching	23,327	18,267	17,143	18,944	17,000	18,489	18,848	19,450	20,901
	Difference	489^d	756^d	− 382^d	273^d	− 546^d	− 140	182	557^d	1289^d
	Value estimate (95% CI)	563 (138, 989)	730 (465, 994)	− 208 (− 300, − 116)	211 (119, 303)	N.C. (N.C.)	− 234 (− 680, 211)	193 (− 102, 489)	318 (143, 493)	427 (309, 546)
30-day total payments ($, m-est.)	Teaching	29,930	21,017	19,314	22,304	21,075	22,125	21,863	22,490	23,913	< 0.0001
	Non-teaching	24,060	15,677	14,789	17,141	16,703	17,420	17,044	16,899	17,624
	Difference	5795^d	5206^d	4435^d	5048^d	4277^d	4629^d	4715^d	5431^d	6120^d
	Value estimate (95% CI)	6674 (3488, 9860)	5022 (3729, 6315)	2419 (1968, 2870)	3904 (3336, 4472)	N.C. (N.C.)	7755 (3818, 11,692)	5010 (2929, 7091)	3097 (2257, 3938)	2030 (1634, 2425)
30-day payments without Geo, IME, or DSH ($, m-est.)	Teaching	23,784	16,984	15,503	17,902	16,855	17,786	17,587	18,045	19,197	< 0.0001
	Non-teaching	22,437	14,875	14,073	16,207	15,746	16,431	16,145	16,001	16,671
	Difference	1332^d	2054^d	1408^d	1662^d	1086^d	1349^d	1420^d	1972^d	2440^d
	Value estimate (95% CI)	1534 (760, 2308)	1981 (1451, 2511)	768 (612, 925)	1286 (1080, 1492)	N.C. (N.C.)	2259 (990, 3529)	1509 (832, 2185)	1125 (796, 1453)	809 (641, 977)
ICU use (%)	Teaching	46.8	13.8	11.1	19.9	16.6	19.6	19.8	20.7	22.7	0.0921
	Non-teaching	48.7	16.1	14.0	22.4	18.6	22.3	22.5	23.0	25.3
	Difference	− 2.0^d	− 2.3^d	− 2.9^d	− 2.5^d	− 2.0^d	− 2.7^d	− 2.7^d	− 2.3^d	− 2.6^d
30-day readmission or death (%)	Teaching	32.9	29.5	30.0	30.4	20.9	25.0	28.2	33.3	44.1	0.0003
	Non-teaching	36.2	30.9	31.6	32.3	23.6	27.1	29.9	34.8	45.5
	Difference	− 3.3^d	− 1.4^d	− 1.6^d	− 1.9^d	− 2.8^d	− 2.1^d	− 1.7^d	− 1.5^d	− 1.4^d
Length of stay (days, m-est.)	Teaching	5.3	5.5	5.7	5.5	4.5	5.0	5.4	5.9	6.8	0.6208
	Non-teaching	4.6	4.9	5.6	5.1	4.1	4.6	4.9	5.4	6.3
	Difference	0.7^d	0.6^d	0.1^d	0.4^d	0.4^d	0.4^d	0.4^d	0.4^d	0.5^d

Value expressed as increased cost or payment at teaching hospitals per 1% reduction in mortality. Individual tables for AMI, HF, and PNA are provided in the Appendix. P value key is as follows: ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, and ^dP < 0.0001. Non-significant differences have no letter. P values for binary overall outcomes and within strata were calculated using McNemar’s test. P values and estimates for continuous overall outcomes and within strata were calculated using M-statistics. Value is well defined if there is a significant difference in mortality between groups. Otherwise in this table, values are reported as N.C. (not calculated). For all value estimates and confidence intervals reported, all 1000 jackknives concur in finding a statistically significant difference in mortality

*Trends for binary outcomes were tested using the Mantel test for trend, while trends for continuous outcomes were tested using robust regression