Table 2. Mother and Infant Characteristics of Medication for Addition Treatment Exposed vs Unexposed Groups.
| Factor | No./total No. (%)a | P value | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed group (n = 485) | Unexposed group (n = 601) | |||
| Maternal factors | ||||
| Age, yb | ||||
| No. | 299 | 336 | .26 | Bakhireva et al,23 Hans cohort27,28 Rosen and Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Salo et al,38 Wilson cohort,46 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Mean (SD) | 28.2 (4.7) | 27.8 (4.3) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 149/409 (36.4) | 174/455 (38.2) | .66c | Bakhireva et al,23 Chasnoff et al,26 Hans cohort,27,28 Marcus cohort,31,32 Rosen and Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Strauss cohort,39,40 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Black or African American | 168/409 (41.1) | 171/455 (37.6) | ||
| Hispanic | 57/409 (13.9) | 67/455 (14.7) | ||
| Other | 32/409 (7.8) | 43/455 (9.5) | ||
| <High school education | 137/206 (66.5) | 82/241 (34.0) | <.001 | Bakhireva et al,23 Chasnoff et al,26 Hans cohort,27,28 Salo et al,38 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Employed | 33/187 (19.4) | 140/208 (67.3) | <.001 | Bakhireva et al,23 Bunikowski et al,25 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Low socioeconomic status | 171/190 (90.0) | 108/238 (45.3) | <.001 | Bakhireva et al,23 Bunikowski et al,25 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Child factors | ||||
| No. tested and recruited | 384/593 (64.8) | 443/592 (74.8) | .002 | Bunikowski et al,25 Chasnoff et al,26 Hans cohort27,28 Hunt et al,29 Marcus cohort,31,32 Rosen and Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Strauss cohort,39,40 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Male infants | 295/536 (55.0) | 249/532 (46.8) | .03 | Bakhireva et al,23 Bunikowski et al,25 Hans cohort27,28 Hunt et al,29 Rosen and Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Strauss cohort,39,40 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Gestational age, wkb | ||||
| No. | 496 | 529 | <.001 | Bunikowski et al,25 Rosen and Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Salo et al,38 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Mean (SD) | 38.9 (1.9) | 39.3 (1.8) | ||
| Birth weight, gb | ||||
| No. | 361 | 457 | <.001 | Bakhireva et al,23 Chasnoff et al,26 Hans cohort,27,28 Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Salo et al,38 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Mean (SD) | 2966.5 (467.8) | 3366.6 (444.3) | ||
| Birth head circumference, cmb | ||||
| No. | 192 | 178 | <.001 | Chasnoff et al,26 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Mean (SD) | 33.4 (1.6) | 34.7 (1.5) | ||
| NOWS requiring treatment | 264/542 (48.7) | NA | NA | Bakhireva et al,23 Bunikowski et al,25 Chasnoff et al,26 Kaltenbach and Finnegan,30 Marcus cohort,31,32 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Salo et al,38 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Prenatal exposures | ||||
| Polysubstanced | 199/513 (38.8) | 13/566 (2.3) | <.001 | Bakhireva et al,23 Bunikowski et al,25 Chasnoff et al,26 Hans cohort27,28 1989, Hunt et al,29 Rosen and Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Salo et al,38 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Alcohol | 55/298 (18.4) | 41/287 (14.3) | .18 | Bakhireva et al,23 Chasnoff et al,26 Hans cohort,27,28 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 Whitham,44 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Tobacco | 314/353 (89.0) | 156/394 (39.6) | <.001 | Bakhireva et al,23 Bunikowski et al,25 Chasnoff et al,26 Rosen and Johnson,33 Rosen cohort,34,35,36,37 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Whitham,44 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
| Out-of-family care | 69/292 (24) | 0/386 (0) | <.001 | Bunikowski et al,25 Hans cohort27,28 Hunt et al,29 Salo et al,38 van Baar cohort,41,42,43 Wilson cohort,45,46,47 Woodward cohort48,49,50 |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable; NOWS, neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome.
a
Inconsistent reporting of demographic characteristics among studies resulted in variation of denominators.
b
Data presented are weighted means and standard deviations.
c
Groupwise comparison using χ2 test for P value.
d
Polysubstance use was defined as use of more than 1 illicit substance during pregnancy, including illicit opioids, nonprescribed benzodiazepines, stimulants, or cannabis.