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. 2020 Mar 19;11:1449. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15294-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Steps involved in the extraction of pollen grains from sunflower plants, shown here with cross-sectional SEM images. The pollen structures are pseudo-colored. b Schematic illustration of stimuli-responsive pollen capsule behavior at multiple length scales. Left: Pollen structural components. Middle: Cellulose microfibrils organized by hemicellulose and pectin in the intine layer. Right: Hydrolytic conversion of pectin to pectate within the intine layer. c Immunofluorescence microscopy detection of de-esterified pectin within pollen shells using JIM5 as the primary antibody. d Size characterization of treated pollen particles as a function of KOH incubation time, as measured by DIPA. Data are analyzed by Student’s t-test and are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 500 per condition). ****p < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. e Cross-sectional CLSM images of pollen-derived microgel particles. Red arrows indicate aperture openings.