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. 2020 Mar 19;11:1449. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15294-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic illustration of pH-dependent effects on pectin structure and corresponding intermolecular repulsion events. b Time-lapse optical micrographs of tethered pollen particles. The solution pH was changed from pH 2 to 12 (top series), and from pH 12 to 2 (bottom series). c Quantitative comparison of pH-induced pollen swelling and de-swelling behavior. d Schematic illustration of cation-induced attraction and EDTA chelating agent-induced repulsion between pectin molecules. e Time-lapse optical micrographs of tethered pollen particles. Calcium ions were added (top), followed by EDTA chelating agent (bottom). f Quantitative comparison of ion-induced pollen de-swelling and swelling behaviors. Mean ± s.d. are reported (n = 5 particles) in c and f, and the area swelling ratio was normalized by the initial area at pH 2 and pH 7 in c and f, respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.