. 2020 Mar 19;10:5037. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61696-7

Table 1.

Germination and emergence of nanoparticle-treated watermelon seeds in 2017, 2018, and 2019.

Year	Variety	Treatments	Days required for 50% germination	FGP (5 DAS)	MGT (days)	GR (seed/day)	FEP (14 DAS)
2017	Riverside	UP	2.33 ± 0.33^a	100 ± 0.00^a	2.37 ± 0.09^a	0.42 ± 0.02^c	96.66 ± 3.36^a
		TNE	2.00 ± 0.00^a	100 ± 0.00^a	1.95 ± 0.08^b	0.51 ± 0.02^b	93.33 ± 1.68^a
		AgNPs	1.66 ± 0.33^a	100 ± 0.00^a	1.60 ± 0.14^c	0.63 ± 0.05^a	96.66 ± 3.36^a
	Maxima	UP	2.00 ± 0.00^a	100 ± 0.00^a	2.24 ± 0.07^a	0.45 ± 0.01^c	70.00 ± 2.91^ab
		TNE	2.00 ± 0.00^a	100 ± 0.00^a	1.76 ± 0.04^b	0.57 ± 0.01^b	58.30 ± 7.32^b
		AgNPs	1.33 ± 0.33^b	100 ± 0.00^a	1.52 ± 0.08^c	0.66 ± 0.03^a	80.00 ± 2.91^a
2018	Riverside	UP	2.00 ± 0.00^a	99 ± 0.67^a	2.04 ± 0.01^a	0.49 ± 0.00^c	98.33 ± 1.67^a
		TNE	2.00 ± 0.00^a	99 ± 0.67^a	1.74 ± 0.03^b	0.57 ± 0.01^b	98.33 ± 1.67^a
		AgNPs	1.00 ± 0.00^b	100 ± 0.00^a	1.16 ± 0.02^c	0.85 ± 0.02^a	98.33 ± 1.67^a
	Maxima	UP	2.00 ± 0.00^a	94 ± 1.71^a	2.12 ± 0.02^a	0.47 ± 0.00^c	58.73 ± 1.67^a
		TNE	2.00 ± 0.00^a	96 ± 1.79^a	1.81 ± 0.03^b	0.54 ± 0.01^b	72.22 ± 7.22^ab
		AgNPs	2.00 ± 0.00^a	98 ± 0.89^a	1.49 ± 0.05^c	0.67 ± 0.02^a	85.55 ± 7.22^a
2019	Riverside	UP	2.00 ± 0.00^b	94 ± 1.36^b	2.26 ± 0.04^a	0.44 ± 0.01^d	90.47 ± 4.76^a
		HP	1.93 ± 0.11^b	94 ± 0.89^b	1.82 ± 0.06^b	0.56 ± 0.02^c	90.47 ± 4.76^a
		TNE	1.18 ± 0.10^c	96 ± 1.02^ab	1.37 ± 0.06^c	0.75 ± 0.03^b	95.23 ± 4.76^a
		AgNO₃	3.00 ± 0.00^a	79 ± 1.74^c	2.59 ± 0.25^a	0.30 ± 0.03^e	66.66 ± 4.76^b
		AgNPs	1.00 ± 0.00^c	98 ± 0.72^a	1.17 ± 0.02^c	0.86 ± 0.02^a	95.23 ± 4.76^a
	Maxima	UP	2.00 ± 0.00^a	94 ± 1.41^a	2.30 ± 0.05^b	0.44 ± 0.01^c	52.38 ± 4.76^b
		HP	1.63 ± 0.13^b	95 ± 0.70^a	1.82 ± 0.11^bc	0.57 ± 0.02^b	61.90 ± 4.76^ab
		TNE	1.19 ± 0.10^c	95 ± 0.40^a	1.74 ± 0.13^bc	0.65 ± 0.07^b	66.66 ± 4.76^ab
		AgNO₃	—	16 ± 2.55^b	3.35 ± 0.59^a	0.27 ± 0.04^d	0.00 ± 0.00^c
		AgNPs	1.00 ± 0.00^c	98 ± 0.73^a	1.23 ± 0.05^c	0.84 ± 0.04^a	76.19 ± 4.76^a

Data from 2017 and 2018 are presented as mean ± SEM from three replicates containing 25 seeds of each treatment. Data from 2019 are presented as the mean of 16 replicates containing 25 seeds each ± SEM. Means denoted by the different letters are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.

UP: Unprimed, HP: Hydroprimed, TNE: Turmeric oil nanoemulsion, AgNO₃: Silver nitrate, AgNPs: Silver nanoparticles, FGP: Final germination percentage, MGT: Mean germination time, GR: Germination rate, FEP: Final emergence percentage, DAS: Days after sowing.