Table 2.

Coding of Key Findings of Qualitative Studies on Diabetes Self-Management in East Asian Americans

Article	Sample extracted data	Key concepts
Chesla and Chun25	Being discreet about disease to avoid burdening others with dietary restrictions in communal setting	Beliefs about social harmony
	Spousal support critical to disease self-management	Beliefs about relationship roles
	Avoiding foods traditionally thought to heal, like sweets	Beliefs about food as medicine
Chesla et al.10	Families challenged by conflicts centered around food restrictions	Beliefs about relationship roles
	Difficulty accommodating new diet—rice is a staple and symbolically vital food	Beliefs about traditional EAA diet
	Food needs to be eaten with a balance between “hot” and “cold” to maintain health	Beliefs about food as medicine
Chun et al.28	Having culturally competent medical staff with knowledge of appropriate dietary practices enhances medical practice	Interactions with health care providers
	Bilingual health education materials help provide information	Bilingual health education resources
Wang et al.35	Lack of bilingual materials on disease made it harder to manage	Bilingual health education resources
	Having a positive relationship with their PCP was critical	Interactions with health care providers
Cha et al.24	Often a struggle to follow dietary recommendations due to traditional views of rice and meat to be good foods	Beliefs about traditional EAA diet, Belief about food as medicine
	Felt disconnected with PCP, did not feel physicians understood their concerns	Interactions with health care providers
Nam et al.32	Reluctance to disclose diagnosis to others to avoid being seen as a burden	Beliefs about social harmony
	Dietary self-management puts strains on relationships with spouses	Beliefs about relationship roles
Leung et al.31	Reluctant to confront physicians about issues/concerns about management	Interactions with health care providers
	Limited bilingual health information in the community, not well distributed	Bilingual health education
	Avoid burdening others, particularly family, with low-sugar, low-fat diet	Beliefs about social harmony
Chun and Chesla36	Difficulty understanding diabetes due to view of diet as a balance of cold and hot foods and not as a disease of insulin	Belief about traditional EAA diet, belief about food as medicine
	Food is an essential ingredient to quality of life, people with illnesses are given food	Belief about food as medicine
	Food restriction conflicts with collectivist norms of prioritizing the group	Beliefs about social harmony
Pistulka et al.33	Fear being a burden to others by forcing them to accommodate patients during meals. Feel embarrassed in that situation	Belief about social harmony
Choi et al.26	Conflicts about dietary management of disease affected the ability of spouses to provide support for patients	Belief about relationship roles

EAA, East Asian American; PCP, primary care provider.