Table 4.
Differences Within Group at the End of the MBCT Training.
| Pre-MBCT | Post-MBCT | Group difference [95% CI] | Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD symptoms, CAARS n = 23 | ||||
| Inattention | 15.8 (3.7) | 13.4 (3.2) | −2.4 [–4.0, –0.8]** | 0.65 |
| Hyperactive-impulsive | 12.3 (3.1) | 9.6 (2.7) | −2.8 [–4.1, –1.4]** | 0.90 |
| Total DSM-IV score | 28.1 (5.0) | 23.0 (3.8) | −5.2 [–7.8, –2.6]** | 1.04 |
| EF, BRIEF-ASR n = 22 | ||||
| Inhibit | 16.1 (2.4) | 15.0 (3.1) | −1.0 [–2.2, 0.1] | 0.42 |
| Shift | 11.9 (2.9) | 11.7 (2.6) | −0.2 [–1.0, 0.6] | 0.07 |
| Emotional control | 18.5 (5.7) | 17.9 (5.4) | −0.6 [–1.8, 0.6] | 0.11 |
| Self-monitor | 10.5 (2.8) | 9.5 (2.3) | −1.0 [–1.7, –0.3]* | 0.36 |
| Behavioral regulation index | 57.0 (10.4) | 54.1 (9.3) | −2.8 [–5.8, 0.2] | 0.27 |
| Initiate | 17.8 (3.5) | 17.1 (3.7) | −0.7 [–1.5, 0] | 0.20 |
| Working memory | 19.5 (2.1) | 18.5 (2.8) | −1.0 [–2.0, –0.1]* | 0.48 |
| Plan/organize | 22.5 (4.0) | 21.4 (3.9) | −1.1 [–2.2, –0.1]* | 0.28 |
| Task monitor | 13.0 (2.2) | 12.2 (2.5) | −0.7 [–1.7, 0.3] | 0.32 |
| Organization of materials | 17.3 (3.8) | 15.5 (4.0) | −1.8 [–3.0, –0.5]** | 0.47 |
| Metacognition index | 90.0 (12.7) | 84.6 (14.2) | −5.4 [–8.9, –1.9]** | 0.43 |
| Total score | 147.0 (19.0) | 138.8 (20.0) | −8.2 [–14.0, –2.4]** | 0.43 |
| Mindfulness skills, FFMQ-SF n = 22 | ||||
| Observe | 14.0 (2.9) | 14.0 (2.6) | 0.5 [–0.8, 0.9] | 0.17 |
| Describe | 16.2 (2.7) | 16.5 (3.4) | 0.4 [–0.7, 1.4] | 0.15 |
| Acting with awareness | 14.8 (3.8) | 13.4 (2.5) | −1.4 [–3.0, 0.2] | 0.37 |
| Non-judging | 14.8 (4.1) | 15.2 (3.5) | 0.4 [–1.0, 1.7] | 0.10 |
| Non-reactivity | 14.8 (3.8) | 15.2 (3.2) | 0.5 [–0.6, 1.5] | 0.13 |
| Total score | 74.5 (8.9) | 74.4 (8.2) | −0.2 [–3.1, 2.7] | 0.02 |
| Self-compassion, SCS-SF n = 22 | ||||
| Overidentification | 7.1 (4.0) | 8.0 (3.4) | 0.9 [–0.2, 2.1] | 0.23 |
| Self-kindness | 6.4 (2.1) | 8.0 (2.9) | 1.7 [0.6, 2.8]** | 0.81 |
| Mindfulness | 8.8 (3.1) | 9.5 (2.8) | 0.6 [–0.4, 1.6] | 0.19 |
| Isolation | 6.5 (3.3) | 7.6 (3.3) | 1.1 [–0.1, 2.3] | 0.33 |
| Common humanity | 7.4 (3.4) | 8.6 (2.6) | 1.3 [0, 2.5]* | 0.38 |
| Self-judgment | 6.7 (3.7) | 8.3 (3.2) | 1.5 [0, 3.1] | 0.41 |
| Total score | 42.9 (13.4) | 50.0 (14.5) | 7.1 [2.6, 11.6]** | 0.53 |
| Patient functioning, OQ 45.2 n = 22 | 69.2 (19.2) | 68.9 (17.6) | −0.3 [–6.8, 6.2] | 0.02 |
| Health status, SF-12 n = 22 | ||||
| Physical component summary | 38.8 (7.2) | 39.6 (7.2) | 0.7 [–1.8, 3.3] | 0.10 |
| Mental component summary | 37.0 (9.4) | 40.0 (11.5) | 3.1 [0.2, 6.0]* | 0.33 |
Note. Improvement is indicated by a decrease in scores on the CAARS, BRIEF-ASR, and OQ 45.2 and an increase in scores on the FFMQ-SF, SCS-SF, and SF-12. MBCT = Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; CI = confidence interval; CAARS = Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition; BRIEF-ASR = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult Self-Report Version; FFMQ-SF = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form; SCS-SF = Self-Compassion Scale Short Form; OQ = Outcome Questionnaire; SF-12 = Short Form of the Health Survey.
*
Statistical significant difference for <.05. **Statistical significant difference for <.01.