Table 2. Risk of bias ratings for each included study.
See Appendix S3 for meaning of a and b ratings, along with allocation of stars (∗). Lower scores represent higher risk of bias (1–4 high risk; 5–7 moderate risk; 8-10 low risk).
|
Sample (Maximum 4 points) |
Group comparability | Self-concept assessment | Statistical test | Total | Risk of bias | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness | Sample size | Response rate | Reading assessment | (Maximum 2 points) | (Maximum 2 points) | (Maximum 2 points) | |||
| Boetsch, Green & Pennington (1996) (adults) | a* | b | a* | a** | a*b* | a* | a* | 8 | Low |
| Boetsch, Green & Pennington (1996) (children) | a* | b | a* | a** | a*b* | a* | a* | 8 | Low |
| Chapman, Tunmer & Prochnow (2001) | a* | b | a* | a** | a* | a* | a* | 7 | Moderate |
| Frederickson & Jacobs (2001) | a* | b | a* | a** | a*b* | a*b* | a* | 8 | Low |
| Gold & Johnson (1982) | a* | b | a* | a** | a* | a*b* | a* | 7 | Moderate |
| Holmes (2001) | a* | b | a* | a** | a* | a*b* | a* | 7 | Moderate |
| Kerwin (1976) | a* | b | a* | a** | a* | a*b* | a* | 7 | Moderate |
| McArthur et al. (2016a) | a* | b | a* | a** | a*b* | a*b* | a* | 8 | Low |
| Murray (1978) | a* | b | a* | a** | a* | a*b* | a* | 7 | Moderate |
| Palmieri (1981) | a* | b | a* | a** | a* | a*b* | a* | 7 | Moderate |
| Pih (1984) | a* | b | a* | a** | a*b* | a* | a* | 8 | Low |
| Robinson & Conway (1990) | a* | b | a* | a** | a* | a*b* | a* | 7 | Moderate |
| Taylor, Hume & Welsh (2010) | a* | b | a* | a** | a*b* | a*b* | a* | 8 | Low |