Table 3. Factors associated with submitting sputum among study participants attending rural and urban health facilities in Ketu South Municipality, Ghana.
| N = 410 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Number submitting sputum (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95%CI) | P |
| Age group (years) | *0.689 | ||||
| 18–38 | 99/145 (68.3) | 1 | |||
| 39–59 | 107/150 (71.3) | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) | 0.567 | ||
| ≥60 | 84/115 (73.0) | 1.26 (0.73–2.16) | 0.403 | ||
| Gender | *0.177 | ||||
| Male | 102/136 (75.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 188/274 (68.6) | 0.73 (0.46–1.16) | 0.182 | 0.90 (0.48–1.69) | 0.739 |
| Educational level | *0.706 | ||||
| No formal education | 65/96 (67.7) | 1 | |||
| Primary/JHS | 162/228 (71.1) | 1.17 (0.70–1.96) | 0.549 | ||
| Secondary/Tertiary | 63/86 (73.3) | 1.31 (0.69–2.48) | 0.414 | ||
| Place of residence | *<0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 182/197 (92.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 108/213 (50.7) | 0.08 (0.05-.015) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.16–1.03) | 0.058 |
| Distance to laboratory (Km) | *<0.001 | ||||
| <10 | 184/197 (93.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 10–20 | 74/168 (44.1) | 0.06 (0.03–0.11) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.05–0.33) | <0.001 |
| >20 | 32/45 (71.1) | 0.17 (0.07–0.41) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.10–0.86) | 0.025 |
| Socioeconomic status (tertiles) | *0.002 | ||||
| Low | 92/134 (68.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle | 86/138 (62.3) | 0.76 (0.46–1.25) | 0.272 | 0.59 (0.30–1.13) | 0.113 |
| High | 112/138 (81.2) | 1.97 (1.12–3.45) | 0.018 | 1.03 (0.47–2.24) | 0.945 |
| Ever treated for TB | *0.008 | ||||
| No | 263/380 (69.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 27/30 (90.0) | 4.00 (1.19–13.46) | 0.025 | 2.02 (0.45–9.07) | 0.359 |
| Number of symptoms | *<0.001 | ||||
| 1–2 | 34/56 (60.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3–4 | 123/191 (64.4) | 1.17 (0.63–2.16) | 0.615 | 1.33 (0.60–2.96) | 0.488 |
| >4 | 133/163 (81.6) | 2.87 (1.47–5.59) | 0.002 | 2.00 (0.83–4.80) | 0.12 |
| Duration of symptoms (days) | *<0.001 | ||||
| ≤14 | 158/245 (64.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| >14 | 132/165 (80.0) | 2.20 (1.39–3.50) | 0.001 | 0.83 (0.43–1.62) | 0.589 |
| HIV status | *0.037 | ||||
| Positive | 28/28 (100.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Negative | 66/85 (77.7) | 1.79 (1.02–3.15) | 0.043 | 0.85 (0.40–1.83) | 0.678 |
| Don’t know+ | 196/297 (66.0) | - | - | - | - |
| Severity of illness (Karnofsky score) | *0.024 | ||||
| Less severe (≥90) | 136/217 (62.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderately severe (70–80) | 133/167 (79.6) | 2.70 (1.24–5.92) | 0.013 | 1.84 (0.68–4.98) | 0.228 |
| Severe (≤60) | 21/26 (80.8) | 0.92 (0.17–5.10) | 0.924 | 0.14 (0.01–2.28) | 0.165 |
| Number of previous care providers visited | *<0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 173/272 (63.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥1 | 117/138 (84.8) | 3.18 (1.88–5.40) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.02–4.13) | 0.045 |
| Stigma | *<0.001 | ||||
| Low perception | 134/164 (81.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| High perception | 156/246 (63.4) | 0.39 (0.24–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.30–0.98) | 0.043 |
*Log likelihood P-value,
+Omitted from model due to collinearity,
OR = odds ratio, aOR = adjusted odds ratio, P = p-value, JHS (13–15 years) = Junior high school