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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 20.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Hum Behav. 2020 Jan 20;4(3):255–264. doi: 10.1038/s41562-019-0810-4

Figure 1. Nationwide data capture of poor health, crime, and social-welfare dependency in 1.7 million New Zealanders.

Figure 1.

We obtained information about our five sectors of interest – social-welfare benefits, public-hospital nights, prescription-drug fills, injury-insurance claims, and criminal convictions – from records maintained by the New Zealand Ministry of Social Development, Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Management Agency, Accident Compensation Corporation, and Ministry of Justice, respectively. To account for the amount of time individuals were eligible to appear in New Zealand government records, we obtained information about mortality and time overseas from records maintained by the New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, respectively.