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. 2020 Mar 13;14:143. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00143

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Copyright © 2020 Lee, Zhang, Zhang, Liu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Backpropagation (BP) vs. (B) Direct feedback alignment (DFA). Solid arrows indicate feedforward paths and dashed arrows indicate feedback paths. The feedback matrices B₁ and B₂ need not be symmetric to W₂ or W₃.