Table 1.
Clinical characteristics in the 1,159 individuals with type 1 diabetes overall and divided according to quartiles of plasma TMAO concentrations
| TMAO concentration |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Quartile 1 (≤3.81 μmol/L) | Quartile 2 (>3.81 to ≤5.72 μmol/L) | Quartile 3 (>5.72 to ≤9.88 μmol/L) | Quartile 4 (>9.88 μmol/L) | P value | |
| Subjects, n | 1,159 | 291 | 289 | 290 | 289 | |
| Female | 491 (42.4) | 143 (49.1) | 123 (42.6) | 109 (37.6) | 116 (40.6) | 0.036 |
| Age (years) | 46.4 ± 13.0 | 42.2 ± 12.1 | 46.7 ± 13.1 | 47.8 ± 13.4 | 49.1 ± 12.3 | <0.001 |
| History of CVD | 128 (11.3) | 24 (8.3) | 27 (9.5) | 29 (10.4) | 48 (17.1) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 27.2 ± 12.3 | 25.0 ± 11.6 | 28.1 ± 13.1 | 27.5 ± 12.1 | 28.4 ± 12.2 | 0.003 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 89 ± 26.1 | 102 ±17.0 | 95 ±19.6 | 89 ± 21.5 | 69 ± 31.3 | <0.001 |
| UAER (mg/day) | 23 (8–360) | 13 (7–70) | 20 (8–316) | 25 (6–285) | 133 (11–761) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137 ± 20 | 131 ± 18 | 135 ± 19 | 138 ± 19 | 143 ± 23 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 11 | 76 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 78 ± 11 | 81 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 71 ± 15.1 | 70 ± 13.6 | 70 ± 14.6 | 72 ± 14.7 | 74 ± 16.9 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 ± 1.4 | 8.5 ± 1.2 | 8.6 ± 1.3 | 8.7 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.10 | 4.9 ± 0.99 | 5.1 ± 0.93 | 5.1 ± 1.22 | 5.3 ± 1.18 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.5 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.3 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 0.036 |
| Smokers | 418 (37.2) | 111 (38.8) | 112 (39.6) | 106 (37.9) | 89 (32.3) | 0.27 |
Data are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated. P values are for trend across quartiles.