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. 2020 Mar 11;9:e11. doi: 10.1017/jns.2020.3

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© The Author(s) 2020

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 4. — Meta-analysis to examine heterogeneity in the effects of β-carotene (BC) on mortality within the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Study. This meta-analysis is restricted to the 14 564 no-vitamin E participants. Subgroups A, B and C are described in Fig. 2 and Table 3. The participants who smoked between 5 and 19 cigarettes (Cig)/d (median 12/d), are separated into their own subgroup. ‘The rest’ means all the remaining participants. The percentage after the study label indicates the proportion of all participants in the particular subgroup. The horizontal lines indicate the 95 % CI for the BC effect and the squares in the middle of the horizontal lines indicate the point estimates of the effect in the particular subgroup. The diamond shape indicates the pooled effect and its 95 % confidence interval. RR, risk ratio.