Table 3.
Details for included studies assessing symptoms of depression.
| References & Country | Study design & quality | Population | Yoga intervention | Comparison intervention | Outcome measure & results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1. Study type 2. Quality of evidence 3. Level of evidence |
1. # of subjects: enrolled (N), in yoga group (Ny), & in comparison group (Nc) 2. % of males 3. Age range, mean (SD) 4. Description |
1. Yogic elements (in order as described) 2. Frequency & duration 3. Additional interventions 4. Setting (group OR individual) |
1. Anxiety 2. Depression 3. Adherence/study completion rate 4. Adverse events |
||
| Butzer et al. (37) USA |
1. Randomized control trial 2. Weak 3. Level 2 |
1. N = 211, Ny = 117, Nc = 94 2. 37% males 3. Mean age 12.64 (0.33) 4. 7th grade students |
1. Breathing, postures, & relaxation 2. 45 min 1–2x/ week for 32 sessions 3. No additional interventions 4. School (group) |
Regular PE class | 1. N/A 2. BRUMS: both groups ↑* W/G, NSD B/G 3. 94% from yoga group completed the study & 96% from control group 4. NR |
| Fishbein et al. (50) USA |
1. Randomized control trial 2. Weak 3. Level 3 |
1. N = 104, Ny = 45, Nc = 40 2. 46% males 3. 14–20 year-olds, 16.7 (Ns) 4. 9–12th graders with risk for dropping out |
1. Meditation, general stretching, postures, & meditation 2. 50 min x3/ week for 7 weeks (20 sessions) 3. Principles/mindfulness themes 4. School (Ns) |
Regularly scheduled class | 1. N/A 2. BRUMS: NSD W/G, NSD B/G 3. 82% completed the study 4. NR |
| Mendelson et al. (41) USA |
1. Cohort analytic 2. Weak 3. Level 2 |
1. N = 97, Ny = 51, Nc = 46 2. 15% males 3. mean age 10.15 4. 4th and 5th graders at risk for stress and other mental health conditions |
1. Postures, breathing, & mindfulness 2. 45 min 4x/week for 12 weeks 3. No additional interventions 4. School (25 per group) |
Regularly scheduled class | 1. N/A 2. SMFQ-C: NSD W/G, NSD B/G 3. 5 dropouts 95% completed 4. NR |
| Felver et al. (49) USA |
1. Cohort+ 2. Weak 3. Level 3 |
1. N = 58, Ny = 58, Nc = 58 (all subjects in both groups) 2. Not specified 3. mean age = 15.75 (SD = 9 months) 4. 9th & 10th graders |
1. Breathing, postures, & relaxation 2. 35 min x5/week for 3 non-consecutive weeks (data was collected pre-post one session) 3. yoga alternated with regular PE, data was collected pre/post 1 of each class 4. School (group) |
Regularly scheduled PE class- capture the flag, (data collected 1 week after yoga data collected) | 1. N/A 2. BRUMS: ↓* W/G & B/G 3. 81% completed the study 4. NR |
| Rosenblatt et al. (44) USA |
1. Cohort+ 2. Weak 3. Level 3 |
1. N = 33, Ny = 24, Nc = 0 2. 67% males 3. 3–16 years-old, 8.9 (3.6) 4. Children with a diagnosis of Autism-spectrum disorder |
1. Breathing, postures, & relaxation 2. 45 min x8 (weeks NR) 3. Music and dance 4. Hospital (group) |
None | 1. N/A 2. BASC-2: ↓* W/G for latency age group, NSD W/G with all ages pooled 3. 76% completed the study 4. NR |
Summary of study characteristics for studies assessing symptoms of depression. Study characteristics summarized include country in which study was conducted, study type, quality of evidence, level of evidence, number of subjects in the study and in each group, population age range and mean age, a description of the population, yogic elements included in the intervention, frequency and duration of the intervention, additional intervention components included, setting, if the intervention was a group intervention or individual, a description of comparison interventions, and pertinent study results. The studies in this table are organized first by study type starting with randomized control trials, followed by cohort analytic studies, and then cohort studies. Within each section of specific study type, studies are organized by year published, from the most recent study to most dated study. NR, Not reported; PE, physical education; NSD, no significant difference or change; W/G, within group; B/G, between group; BDI-Y, Beck Depression Inventory for Youth; CDI, Children's Depression Inventory; SMFQ-C, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire child version; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BRUMS, Brunel University Mood Scale; BSI, Brief Symptoms Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; BASC-2, Behavior Assessment System for Children; POMS, Profile of Mood States; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase;
p ≥ 0.05;
p ≥ 0.001;
= only within group differences could be examined due to study design.