Table 1.
Factors associated with pBMI, within parity groups, among women who initiated exclusive breastfeeding (n = 1,868)
| Primiparous (n = 804) | Multiparous (n = 1,064) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pBMI category | pBMI category | |||||||||
| <18.5 | 18.5–24.9 | 25.0–29.9 | ≥30.0 | p a | <18.5 | 18.5‐24.9 | 25.0–29.9 | ≥30.0 | p a | |
| N = 53 | N = 562 | N = 128 | N = 61 | N = 71 | N = 707 | N = 206 | N = 80 | |||
| pBMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| Medianb (25th–75th) | 18.0 (17.3–18.3) | 21.5 (20.1–22.9) | 26.6 (25.6–27.9) | 32.8 (30.6–34.9) | <10−3 | 17.6 (17.1–18.1) | 21.5 (20.3–23.1) | 26.7 (26.0–28.2) | 33.6 (31.3–35.9) | <10−3 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||||||
| 18–24 | 30.9 | 20.5 | 22.8 | 26.4 | .05 | 15.0 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 13.6 | .01 |
| 25–29 | 47.4 | 42.6 | 37.4 | 53.0 | 31.8 | 23.7 | 32.9 | 24.0 | ||
| 30–34 | 13.5 | 26.7 | 32.0 | 10.0 | 36.7 | 40.9 | 36.3 | 25.2 | ||
| ≥35 | 8.1 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 10.6 | 16.5 | 27.9 | 24.1 | 37.2 | ||
| Maternal birthplace | ||||||||||
| France | 74.8 | 83.5 | 84.6 | 88.1 | .56 | 78.4 | 80.0 | 77.2 | 67.6 | <10−3 |
| Africa | 8.8 | 6.9 | 8.2 | 9.3 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 18.4 | 8.3 | ||
| Europe, Asia, America, and Oceania | 16.4 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 2.6 | 11.5 | 7.9 | 4.4 | 24.1 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | 44.4 | 39.1 | 38.8 | 35.4 | .83 | 48.9 | 60.1 | 63.0 | 65.1 | .20 |
| Not married | 55.6 | 60.9 | 61.2 | 64.6 | 51.1 | 39.9 | 37.0 | 34.9 | ||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||
| Primary school | 3.5 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.0 | .01 | 9.9 | 0.4 | 5.4 | 6.4 | <10−3 |
| Junior high school | 15.7 | 14.0 | 17.2 | 26.0 | 15.4 | 16.0 | 18.3 | 23.7 | ||
| High school | 17.3 | 19.2 | 26.5 | 31.3 | 16.7 | 21.8 | 23.9 | 29.5 | ||
| University | 63.4 | 66.1 | 53.7 | 42.7 | 58.0 | 61.8 | 52.3 | 40.5 | ||
| Maternal occupation | ||||||||||
| Farmer, craftswoman, and merchant | 3.1 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | .05 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 4.5 | .05 |
| Management | 26.0 | 25.3 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 20.4 | 25.3 | 16.7 | 9.5 | ||
| Intermediate profession | 56.7 | 57.1 | 68.4 | 60.0 | 62.3 | 54.5 | 62.6 | 61.3 | ||
| Manual worker | 1.2 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 7.8 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 8.1 | 9.3 | ||
| Unemployed | 13.1 | 7.3 | 10.4 | 17.1 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 10.5 | 15.4 | ||
| Time of return to work | ||||||||||
| <4 months | 42.1 | 46.6 | 36.6 | 37.9 | .05 | 19.8 | 24.9 | 23.8 | 23.5 | .02 |
| 4–6 months | 14.0 | 13.3 | 7.9 | 21.4 | 22.6 | 14.1 | 9.4 | 8.1 | ||
| >6–12 months | 19.6 | 21.0 | 31.6 | 14.1 | 27.2 | 27.5 | 22.1 | 18.9 | ||
| Did not go back at 12 months | 24.3 | 19.1 | 23.9 | 26.6 | 30.4 | 33.5 | 44.7 | 49.5 | ||
| Health behaviour | ||||||||||
| Antenatal classes | ||||||||||
| Attended | 74.8 | 84.2 | 82.6 | 78.4 | .36 | 43.0 | 44.1 | 37.2 | 27.1 | .02 |
| Did not attend | 25.2 | 15.8 | 17.4 | 21.6 | 57.0 | 55.9 | 62.8 | 72.9 | ||
| Smoked before or during pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Did not smoke before or during | 60.6 | 66.2 | 66.9 | 71.2 | .94 | 69.2 | 76.0 | 80.5 | 75.8 | .41 |
| Smoked before, but not during | 23.4 | 19.8 | 20.9 | 17.2 | 10.9 | 12.4 | 8.9 | 12.1 | ||
| Smoked before and during | 16.0 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 11.6 | 19.9 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 12.1 | ||
| Alcohol in pregnancy | ||||||||||
| No consumption | 92.9 | 93.6 | 95.5 | 98.3 | .44 | 95.0 | 93.6 | 94.9 | 90.6 | .58 |
| Consumption | 7.1 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 5.1 | 9.4 | ||
| Maternal and fetal outcomes | ||||||||||
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | ||||||||||
| Medianb (25th–75th) | 15.0 (12.0–17.0) | 14.0 (11.0–17.0) | 14.0 (10.0–18.0) | 9.0 (4.0–14.0) | <10−3 | 14.0 (11.0–16.8) | 13.0 (10.7–16.0) | 12.0 (8.0–15.0) | 9.8 (6.0–12.0) | <10−3 |
| Within IOM | 59.4 | 37.5 | 21.1 | 26.5 | <10−3 | 49.7 | 38.6 | 33.4 | 29.1 | <10−3 |
| Below IOM | 30.4 | 29.6 | 9.6 | 29.5 | 33.1 | 33.5 | 13.4 | 20.4 | ||
| Above IOM | 10.2 | 32.9 | 69.3 | 44.0 | 17.2 | 27.9 | 53.2 | 50.5 | ||
| Type of pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Multiple | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | .94 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.1 | .75 |
| Single | 100.0 | 99.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.4 | 99.5 | 99.0 | 98.9 | ||
| GDM | ||||||||||
| No | 98.2 | 92.5 | 91.9 | 87.5 | .20 | 98.8 | 94.8 | 88.0 | 79.3 | <10−3 |
| Yes | 1.8 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 5.2 | 12.0 | 20.7 | ||
| Hypertensive complications | ||||||||||
| No | 97.7 | 97.0 | 93.3 | 84.8 | <10−3 | 100.0 | 99.0 | 98.3 | 93.4 | <10−3 |
| Yes | 2.3 | 3.0 | 6.7 | 15.2 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 6.6 | ||
| Delivery mode | ||||||||||
| Vaginal | 90.0 | 81.5 | 75.4 | 75.2 | .08 | 93.8 | 86.9 | 85.3 | 68.7 | <10−3 |
| Caesarean | 10.0 | 18.5 | 24.6 | 24.8 | 6.2 | 13.1 | 14.7 | 31.3 | ||
| Gestation duration | ||||||||||
| ≥37 weeks | 98.1 | 97.6 | 98.0 | 97.4 | .98 | 92.4 | 97.8 | 96.6 | 99.0 | .05 |
| 33–36 weeks | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 7.6 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 1.0 | ||
| Infant's sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 56.6 | 50.3 | 47.2 | 54.2 | .68 | 43.8 | 49.3 | 51.5 | 53.0 | .71 |
| Female | 43.4 | 49.7 | 52.8 | 45.8 | 56.2 | 50.7 | 48.5 | 47.0 | ||
| Infant's birthweight (kg) | ||||||||||
| <2.5 | 7.7 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.3 | .12 | |
| 2.5–4 | 89.2 | 92.8 | 90.6 | 92.1 | .21 | 90.2 | 88.6 | 89.2 | 81.8 | |
| ≥4 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 8.1 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 15.9 | ||
| Apgar score at 5 min | ||||||||||
| 10 | 95.2 | 91.9 | 91.1 | 94.7 | .90 | 95.5 | 97.6 | 96.6 | 95.4 | .56 |
| 8–9 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.6 | ||
| ≤7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | ||
| Complementary factors | ||||||||||
| STS contact after birth | ||||||||||
| STS directly after birth | 89.3 | 85.0 | 76.0 | 72.9 | .01 | 91.5 | 87.2 | 89.7 | 71.7 | <10−3 |
| No direct STS | 10.7 | 15.0 | 24.0 | 27.1 | 8.5 | 12.8 | 10.3 | 28.3 | ||
| Mother had been breastfed | ||||||||||
| Yes | 46.0 | 50.3 | 52.7 | 45.3 | .27 | 41.2 | 47.0 | 37.1 | 40.4 | .01 |
| No | 30.1 | 31.5 | 35.8 | 27.3 | 19.7 | 31.7 | 34.6 | 37.1 | ||
| Not known | 23.9 | 18.2 | 11.5 | 27.4 | 39.1 | 21.3 | 28.3 | 22.5 | ||
| Mother had concerns about baby's feeding | ||||||||||
| Yes | 41.1 | 51.9 | 48.8 | 59.1 | .29 | 32.0 | 26.4 | 25.6 | 43.5 | .02 |
| No | 58.9 | 48.1 | 51.2 | 40.9 | 68.0 | 73.6 | 74.4 | 56.5 | ||
| Partner's perception of breastfeeding woman before delivery | ||||||||||
| Positive | 85.8 | 87.0 | 86.8 | 84.5 | .93 | 81.5 | 90.4 | 92.8 | 90.7 | .19 |
| Negative | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | ||
| No opinion | 12.6 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 15.5 | 18.5 | 9.1 | 6.8 | 9.3 | ||
| Partner's perception of breastfeeding woman at 1 month | ||||||||||
| Positive | 76.9 | 77.8 | 80.2 | 79.6 | .55 | 62.2 | 76.2 | 72.4 | 70.4 | .25 |
| Negative | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| No opinion | 21.4 | 22.1 | 19.2 | 20.4 | 37.8 | 23.4 | 27.6 | 29.6 | ||
| Early breastfeeding | ||||||||||
| Yes | 66.7 | 62.7 | 58.4 | 58.8 | .70 | 72.5 | 76.0 | 76.0 | 62.2 | .08 |
| No | 33.3 | 37.3 | 41.6 | 41.2 | 27.5 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 37.8 | ||
Note. pBMI = prepregnancy body mass index; IOM = Institute of Medicine; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; STS = skin to skin.
a
Significance was determined using adjusted Wald tests.
b
For these variables, we used Kruskal–Wallis test to determine significance.