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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2019 May 8;67(2):471–481. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2019.2915526

Table 3.

Comparison of PID and rule-based fluid resuscitation controllers

		PID	Rule-Based	P-value
Dynamic Performance	Response Time [0 to 90%] (min)	25.73 ± 14.53	27.56 ± 20.63	P=0.850 (T)^*
	Settling Time [5%] (min)	39.08 ± 14.88	40.65 ± 17.01	P=0.562 (T)
	Relative Overshoot (%)	1.90 ± 5.52%	3.08 ± 4.23%	P=0.636 (T)
Measurement Errors	SSE (%)	2.84 ± 6.00	9.79 ± 4.37	P<0.001 (T)^*
	RMSE (%)	9.17 ± 4.70	13.01 ± 5.95	P=0.002 (T)^*
	PE (%)	−6.20 ± 8.08	−12.23 ± 7.16	P<0.001 (WSR)^**
	Bias (%)	−4.59 ± 6.21	−11.10 ± 5.33	P<0.001 (T)^*
	Inaccuracy (%)	6.61 ± 3.76	11.29 ± 4.89	P=0.003 (T)^*
	Wobble (%)	1.15 ± 0.89	1.51 ± 0.94	P=0.239 (T)^*
	Divergence (% h⁻¹)	−9.09 ± 8.01	−9.38 ± 7.44	P=0.885 (T)^**
Infusion and MAP Response	Infusion Rate (mL/min)	17.46 ± 9.06	10.51 ± 7.51	P<0.001 (WSR)
	Total Infusion (mL)	1048 ± 472	631 ± 312	P<0.001 (T)
	MAP Response (mmHg)	75.04 ± 6.46	70.22 ± 5.73	P<0.001 (WSR)

^*

Paired T-test

^**

WSR: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test