Table 1.
Patient characteristic of the included studies.
| Study | Country | Design | No. of patients | Age | Male | BMI | Ischemic etiology | HFrEF | NYHA class | LVEF | T2DM | AF | SBP | DBP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Years | % | kg/m2 | % | % | % | % | % | mmHg | mmHg | |||||
| Pugh et al. (14) | UK | R, DB, PC | 20 | 61.5 | 100 | 28.8 | 60.0 | 100 | 2.4 | 35.0 | NR | NR | 133 | 78 |
| Malkin et al. (15) | UK | R, DB, PC | 76 | 64.0 | 100 | 27.8 | 53.9 | 100 | 2.5 | 33.5 | 17.1 | NR | 130 | 78 |
| Caminiti et al. (16) | Italy | R, DB, PC | 70 | 70.0 | 100 | 26.3 | 77.1 | 100 | 2.5 | 32.7 | 28.6 | 37.1 | 127 | 91 |
| Iellamo et al. (17) | Italy | R, DB, PC | 32 | 68.6 | 0 | 27.9 | 100. | 100 | 3.0 | 32.9 | 53.1 | 28.1 | 114 | 78 |
| Stout et al. (18) | UK | R, DB, PC | 28 | 67.2 | 100 | 29.3 | 71.4 | 100 | 2.5 | 24.4 | 32.1 | 35.7 | 138 | 82 |
| Mirdamadi et al. (19) | Iran | R, DB, PC | 50 | 60.5 | 100 | 26.5 | NR | 100 | 2.4 | 32.1 | 26.0 | NR | 123 | 80 |
| Dos Santos et al. (20) | Brazil | R, DB | 27 | 52.0 | 100 | NR | 51.8 | 100 | 3.0 | 25.5 | NR | NR | 115 | 67 |
| Navarro-Penalver et al. (21) | Spain | R, DB, PC | 29 | 65 | 100 | 30 | 62 | 100 | 2.3 | 30 | 48.3 | 37.9 | NR | NR |
BMI, body mass index, HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; AF, atrial fibrillation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NR, not reported; R, randomized; DB, double blinded; PC, placebo controlled.