Table 1.
Cancer stem cells with different metabolic characteristics in various cancer types.
| Cancer type | Metabolic phenotype | Model of study | CSCs/tumor cells | Methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) | OXPHOS21 | Primary cultures from human samples | Primary AML and normal hematopoietic cells | ABT-263 and Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer |
| Brain cancer | Glycolysis24–26 | In vitro | LC26-R, LC26-RTL (170), LCAS-R, and LCAS-RTL(138) cells with BTIC features | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer |
| In vitro (xenograft) and in vitro | Human glioblastomaU87 cells and athymic mice | Clark-type oxygen electrode | ||
| In vitro | NCH421k, NCH441, and NCH644 cells | Gene expression analysis | ||
| In vitro | GSC11 and GSC23 from human primary glioblastoma tissues, U87, and non-malignant human astrocytes (NHAs) | Clark-type oxygen electrode | ||
| OXPHOS19 | Human tumors, PDXIn vivo (xenograft) | CD133+ cells, Gliomaspheres | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer | |
| PPP27 | In vivo | Glioblastoma stem-like (GS) cell lines | Gene expression profiling and isotope tracing | |
| Purine metabolism25 | In vivo (xenograft) and in vitro | Brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) | Metabolomics by isotope tracing | |
| Breast cancer | Glycolysis15,28,29 | In vitro | CD44+CD24low EPCAM+ breast cancer cells | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer and isotope tracing |
| In vitro | Human breast cancer cells | Proteomics and targeted metabolomics | ||
| In vitro | Human breast cells MDA-MB 231 (ER−) and MCF-7 (ER+) | Glucose uptake, glutamate, glutamine, NAD+/NADH ratio determination, and proteomics | ||
| OXPHOS26 | In vitro | Breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T47D | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer and label-free quantitative analysis | |
| FAO30 | In vitro | ErbB2-MCF-10A, BT-474 cells, an ErbB2 expressing breast cancer cell lines | Isotope tracing | |
| Mitochondrial biogenesis and FAO31 | In vitro | MCF-7 breast cancer cells | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer and label-free quantitative analysis | |
| PPP32 | In vitro | Breast cancer cell lines SUM149 and SUM159 and ALDH+ cells | Glucose uptake and lactate production assays, NADPH, and glucose 6-phosphate measurements | |
| Ketone bodies29,33 | In vitro | MCF-7 breast cancer cells | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer | |
| In vitro and in vivo (xenograft) | MDA-MB-231 (GFP+) cells | 3-OH-butyrate effects on tumor growth, migration, and quantitation of tumor angiogenesis | ||
| Cervical cancer | TCA cycle34 | In vitro | Human cervical cancer cell line SiHa and ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cell line OVTOKO | Measurement of metabolites |
| Colorectal cancer | Glycolysis17 | In vitro | Human colon cancer LoVo cell line and non-small cell lungcarcinoma (NSCLC) A549 and NCI-H460 cell lines | Clark-type oxygen electrode and proteomics |
| Glycolysis, TCA cycle, and cysteine/methionine metabolism35 | In vitro | CD110+ cells | Metabolomics | |
| Lysine catabolism36 | In vivo (xenograft) | CD110+ cells and primary CRC cells (CRC102, CRC105, and CRC108) | Transcriptomics and proteomics | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Glutamine37,38 | In vitro | V138/H1299 | BD Oxygen biosensor system |
| In vitro | H1299 cells infected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing p53 and HCT116 cells (p53+/+ and p53−/−) | Glutathione assay, determination of glutamate and glutamine concentrations | ||
| Glycolysis18 | In vitro | CD133+ cells PLC/PRF/5 | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, gene expression profiling, and proteomics | |
| Glycolysis and FAO in sh-Nanog-TICs39 | In vitro (xenograft) | CD133+/CD49f+ TICs from HCC tissues and HCV NS5A Tg mice | Isotope tracing, metabolomics, and seahorse extracellular flux analyzer | |
| Leukemia | OXPHOS21 | Primary cultures from human samples | CD34+ cells primary AML and normal hematopoietic cells | ABT-263 and Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer |
| FAO40 | In vivo (xenograft) | Bulk of tumor cellsOCI-AML3 cells | Clark-type oxygen electrode and isotope tracing | |
| FAO41 | In vivo (xenograft) | CD150+CD48–CD41-Flt3–CD34- KSL cells sorted from Pml+/+ or Pml–/– mice | Isotope tracing and Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer | |
| Lung cancer | Glycolysis17 | In vitro | Human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 and NCI-H460 cell lines and colon cancer LoVo cell line | Clark-type oxygen electrode and proteomics |
| OXPHOS42 | In vivo (xenograft) and in vitro | SP+ cells, A549 lung cancer cell line | Clark-type oxygen electrode | |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Glycolysis16,43 | In vitro | Radioresistant human NPC cell lines TW01 and HONE-1, sphere-forming and SP+ cells | Morphological subtyping of mitochondria |
| In vitro and in vivo (xenograft) | Radioresistant human NPC cell lines TW01, TW06, and HONE-1, sphere-forming and SP+ cells | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer | ||
| Osteosarcoma | Glycolysis14 | In vitro | MG63 cells and 3AB‐OS stem cells | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer and D-glucose and lactate measurement |
| Ovarian cancer | Glycolysis44 | In vivo (xenograft and serial in vivo passaging) and in vitro | Mouse ovarian surface epithelium cells (MOSE) C57BL/6 mice | Isotope tracing and Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer |
| Glycolysis45 | In vitro | Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) | Isotope tracing | |
| OXPHOS and PPP46 | Fresh human samples and in vivo (xenograft) | CD44+CD117+ cells | Oligomycin, antimycin A, rotenone, metformin by Annexin V/PI staining | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Glutamine47 | In vitro | ABCG2high cells | ATP, NADP+/NADPH, and glutathione |
| Glutamine (non-canonical pathway of glutamine48 metabolism) | In vivo (xenograft) and in vitro | AsPC-1 cells | Gene expression, enzymatic activity assays, and NADP+/NADPH ratio determination | |
| OXPHOS22 | In vivo (inducible mouse model of mutated KRAS2) and in vitro | Sphere-forming cells | Isotope tracing, metabolomics, and Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer | |
| OXPHOS20 | In vivo (xenograft) and in vitro | CD133+ cells and CD44+ CD133+ Primary human PDAC cells | Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer | |
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | OXPHOS49 | In vitro | PTC-derived TPC-1 and B-CPAP cell lines | GC/MS spectrometry measurement of metabolites |
| Teratocarcinoma | Glycolysis60 | In vitro | P19SCs and P19dCs | Clark-type oxygen electrode |
FAO: fatty acid oxidation; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PDX: patient-derived xenograft; PPP: pentose phosphate pathway.