Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of septic shock patients within the total cohort and for different sites of infection and pathogens
| Total cohort (n = 241) | Abdominal infection (n = 107) | Respiratory infection (n = 44) | Urinary tract infection (n = 29) | p value | Gram-positive bacteria (n = 64) | Gram-negative bacteria (n = 77) | Negative cultures (n = 65) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||||||||
| Gender (male) | 158 (66%) | 66 (62%) | 31 (71%) | 15 (52%) | 0.27 | 43 (67%) | 46 (60%) | 47 (72%) | 0.28 |
| Age (years) | 70 [62–78] | 69 [60–78] | 71 [64–80] | 74 [67–81] | 0.38 | 66 [56–77] | 71 [64–80] | 71 [64–76] | 0.05 |
| BMI | 27 [22–31] | 26 [23–32] | 24 [21–27] | 28 [24–37] | 0.005 | 26 [21–31] | 27 [23–31] | 25 [22–30] | 0.46 |
| SOFA score (< 24 h) | 9 [8–12] | 8 [8–11] | 12 [10–14] | 10 [8–12] | 0.001 | 9 [6–12] | 9 [8–12] | 10 [8–12] | 0.15 |
| SAPS II score (< 24 h) | 62 [50–76] | 61 [53–76] | 73 [62–87] | 59 [50–74] | 0.02 | 56 [44–71] | 61 [50–78] | 65 [52–76] | 0.29 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 3.5 [2.6–5.7] | 3.9 [2.6–5.5] | 3.8 [2.7–6.8] | 3.7 [2.8–6.9] | 0.79 | 3.4 [2.6–4.7] | 4.0 [3.0–6.6] | 3.3 [2.5–5.8] | 0.22 |
| Interventions | |||||||||
| Noradrenaline (μg/kg/min)# | 0.8 [0.4–1.4] | 0.8 [0.4–1.5] | 1.0 [0.6–2.0] | 0.8 [0.4–1.3] | 0.14 | 0.8 [0.4–1.2] | 0.7 [0.4–1.5] | 0.8 [0.5–1.7] | 0.16 |
| Hydrocortisone | 129 (54%) | 57 (53%) | 29 (66%) | 13 (45%) | 0.18 | 33 (52%) | 41 (53%) | 40 (62%) | 0.47 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 195 (81%) | 90 (84%) | 39 (91%) | 19 (66%) | 0.02 | 49 (77%) | 57 (74%) | 54 (84%) | 0.32 |
| Length of MV (days) | 3 [0.025–7] | 3 [1–7] | 4 [1–10] | 1 [0–3] | 0.39 | 3 [0–8] | 3 [0–7] | 2 [1–6] | 0.18 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 39 (16%) | 13 (12%) | 4 (9%) | 4 (14%) | 0.80 | 15 (23%) | 11 (14%) | 10 (15%) | 0.31 |
| Post-surgery admission | 143 (59%) | 89 (83%) | 5 (12%) | 7 (24%) | < 0.0001 | 44 (69%) | 36 (47%) | 38 (59%) | 0.04 |
| Outcome measures | |||||||||
| Secondary infection | 32 (13%) | 16 (15%) | 6 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0.09 | 10 (16%) | 10 (13%) | 6 (9%) | 0.55 |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 7 [4–13] | 8 [5–15] | 7 [3–13] | 4 [3–8] | 0.002 | 7 [4–17] | 8 [4–12] | 6 [3–11] | 0.16 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 21 [10–41] | 22 [12–44] | 13 [5–23] | 17 [7–32] | 0.04 | 29 [11–56] | 22 [12–32] | 14 [5–29] | 0.002 |
| 28-day mortality | 87 (36%) | 32 (30%) | 27 (61%) | 6 (21%) | 0.0002 | 23 (36%) | 23 (30%) | 31 (48%) | 0.09 |
| ICU mortality | 77 (32%) | 30 (28%) | 25 (57%) | 4 (14%) | 0.0002 | 21 (33%) | 22 (29%) | 25 (39%) | 0.46 |
| Hospital mortality | 124 (51%) | 36 (37%) | 27 (69%) | 7 (27%) | 0.001 | 24 (40%) | 24 (35%) | 32 (53%) | 0.11 |
Data are presented as frequencies and percentages (%) for categorical data and medians and interquartile ranges [IQR] for continuous variables. p values were calculated using chi-squared tests for categorical data and one-way ANOVA on log-transformed continuous data
BMI body mass index, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score, MV mechanical ventilation, ICU intensive care unit
#Maximum dose within the first 24 h after study inclusion