Table 3.
Description of included studies
| Variable | na | (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Continent | ||
| Africa | 4 | (0.8) |
| Asiab | 31 | (6.2) |
| Australasia | 62 | (12.4) |
| Europe | 72 | (14.3) |
| North America | 331 | (66.3) |
| Central or South America | 5 | (1.0) |
| Publication year | ||
| 1985-1989 | 1 | (0.2) |
| 1990-1994 | 9 | (1.8) |
| 1995-1999 | 20 | (4.0) |
| 2000-2004 | 43 | (8.6) |
| 2005-2009 | 125 | (25.0) |
| 2010-2014 | 207 | (41.4) |
| 2015-2016 | 94 | (18.7) |
| Media categoriesc | ||
| News | 264 | (52.9) |
| Entertainment | 45 | (9.2) |
| Social media | 49 | (9.8) |
| Marketing | 159 | (31.8) |
| Methods | ||
| Descriptive | 446 | (89.2) |
| Experimental | 60 | (12.0) |
| Interview, survey or focus group | 46 | (9.2) |
| Media sample timeframe | ||
| Less than 1 year | 151 | (30.1) |
| 1 – 5 years | 164 | (32.7) |
| 6 – 10 years | 55 | (11.0) |
| 11 – 15 years | 27 | (5.4) |
| More than 15 years | 35 | (7.0) |
| Not specified | 67 | (13.4) |
| Media channels | ||
| Television | 148 | (29.7) |
| Newspapers | 179 | (35.7) |
| Magazines | 87 | (17.3) |
| Radio | 9 | (1.8) |
| Movies | 12 | (2.4) |
| Music | 6 | (1.2) |
| Online (incl. online news, web pages and social media) | 93 | (18.6) |
| Other (incl. billboards, product packaging, constructed messages) | 53 | (10.6) |
| Total Articles | 499 | |
a Due to some articles being coded more than once within a category, the total within each category may exceed 499.
b Includes 1 study from Turkey
c See Table 2 for definitions of each of the media categories