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. 2020 Mar 13;14:188. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00188

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Copyright © 2020 Zhu, Hafycz, Keenan, Guo, Pack and Naidoo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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cFos levels increase in the claustrum, lateral hypothalamus (LHA), and locus coeruleus (LC) with 3 h sleep deprivation (SD) compared to sleeping control (SC) animals. (A) 3 h SC cFos staining; (A’) 3 h sleep control with cFos and Latexin as marker for the claustrum; (B) 3 h SD cFos staining; (B’) 3 h SD with cFos and Latexin; (C) 3 h SC cFos staining; (C’) 3 h sleep control with cFos and Orexin as marker for the LHA; (D) 3 h SD cFos staining; (D’) 3 h SD with cFos and Orexin; (E) 3 h SC cFos staining; (E’) 3 h sleep control with cFos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as marker for the LC; F) 3 h SD cFos staining; (F’) 3 h SD with cFos and TH. Bar size A: 500 μm; C,E: 250 μm.