Table 3.

Regression analysis of patient outcomes and medication.

Outcome	Predictor	Estimate	Std error	z value	p value
Discharge pain	Setting (ref = ACU)	1.34	0.35	3.86	<0.001
	Initial pain	0.59	0.13	4.67	<0.001
Hospitalization rate	Setting (ref = ACU)	1.42	0.37	3.81	<0.001
	Initial pain	0.22	0.12	1.87	0.06
LOS	Setting (ref = ACU)	−1.00	1.07	−0.94	0.36
	Initial pain	0.49	0.40	1.24	0.23
First opioid dosage	Setting (ref = ACU)	−2.52	0.59	−4.28	<0.001
	Initial pain	0.30	0.20	1.51	0.14
Total dosage	Setting (ref = ACU)	−10.68	3.53	−3.03	0.004
	Initial pain	1.04	1.00	1.04	0.30
	Visit length (ED)	2.26	0.59	3.80	<0.001
	Visit length (ACU)	5.19	1.57	3.31	0.002
Hourly dosage	Setting (ref = ACU)	−1.75	0.38	−4.66	<0.001
	Initial pain	0.31	0.15	2.05	0.04
First dosage category	Setting (ref = ACU)	−0.95	0.32	−2.92	0.004
	Initial pain	0.11	0.11	1.03	0.30
Hourly dosage category	Setting (ref = ACU)	−1.34	0.34	−3.96	<0.001
	Initial pain	0.24	0.11	2.11	0.03

ED = emergency department, ACU = acute care unit. Dosage category = below standard, standard, augmented, enhanced.