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. 2020 Mar 13;11:229. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00229

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Copyright © 2020 Mbanjo, Kretzschmar, Jones, Ereful, Blanchard, Boyd and Sreenivasulu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Secondary metabolism in rice. (A) A schematic representation of the shikimic acid pathway. DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate; DAHPS, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase; DHQ/SDH, 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase/shikimate 5 dehydrogenase; DHQS, 3-dehydroquinate synthetase; DHS, 3-dehydroshikimic acid; SDH, shikimate dehydrogenase; SK, shikimate kinase; S3P, shikimic acid 3-phosphate; EPSPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase; EPSP, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate; CS, chorismate synthase; CM, chorismate mutase; PAT, prephenate aminotransferase; ADT, arogenate dehydratase; PDT, prephenate dehydratase; PPY-AT, phenylpyruvate aminotransferase (Tzin and Galili, 2010; Widhalm and Dudareva, 2015; Santos-Sánchez et al., 2019). (B) Possible routes to the production of benzoic acid, benzoic acid-derived compounds and lignin. CNL, cinnamate-CoA ligase; CHD, cinnamoyl-CoA-dehydrogenase/hydratase; KAT1, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase; TE, CoA thioesterase; BA2H, benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase; BALDH, benzaldehyde dehydrogenase; AO, aldehyde oxidase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase; ICS, isochorismate synthase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; CSE, caffeoyl shikimate esterase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; LAC, laccase; POD, peroxidase; p-HBD, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde; HBDS, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde synthase; HCHL, 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/lyase; HBD, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase (Qualley et al., 2012; Gallage and Møller, 2015; Widhalm and Dudareva, 2015; Liu et al., 2018). (C) Flavonoid metabolism. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; CHS, chalcone synthetase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3′H, flavone 3-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; ANS, anthocyanin synthase; ANR, anthocyanin reductase; GT, glucosyltransferase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; MT, O-methyltransferase; F2H, flavanone 2-hydroxylase (Chen et al., 2013; Galland et al., 2014). The square dot arrows indicates steps which have not yet been fully elucidated, while the black arrows indicate steps supported by genetic evidence.