TABLE 1.
Bioactive and nutritional compounds identified in pigmented rice.
| Compound | PubChem CID | Compound class | Figure 2a | References |
| Cyanine 3-glucoside | 197081 | Anthocyanin | ✓ | Pereira-Caro et al., 2013; |
| Peonidin-3-glucoside | 443654 | Anthocyanin | ✓ | Zhang et al., 2015; |
| Cyanidin | 128861 | Anthocyanin | Tantipaiboonwong et al., 2017; | |
| Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside | 44256718 | Anthocyanin | ✓ | Shao et al., 2018 |
| Cyanidin-3-O-(6”-O-p-coumaroyl)glucoside | Anthocyanin | ✓ | ||
| Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside | 443648 | Anthocyanin | ||
| Peonidin-3-O-(6”-O-p-coumaroyl)glucoside | Anthocyanin | ✓ | ||
| Cyanidin-3-O-arabidoside | Anthocyanin | ✓ | ||
| Flavone | 10680 | Flavone | ||
| Luteolin-6/8-C-pentoside-6/8-C-hexoside (2 isomers) | Flavone | Pereira-Caro et al., 2013; | ||
| Apigenin-6/8-C-pentoside-8/6-C-hexoside (three isomers) | Flavone glycoside | Kim et al., 2014; | ||
| Apigenin-6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinoside | Flavone | Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018; | ||
| Tricin-O-rhamnoside-O-hexoside | Flavone | Poulev et al., 2019 | ||
| Tricin | 5281702 | Flavone | ✓ | |
| Chrysoeriol | 5280666 | Flavone | ✓ | |
| Luteolin | 5280445 | Flavone | ✓ | |
| Apigenin | 5280443 | Flavone | ✓ | |
| Caffeic acid | 689043 | Hydrocinnamic acid | ✓ | Gunaratne et al., 2013; |
| p-Coumaric acid | 637542 | Hydrocinnamic acid | ✓ | Zhang et al., 2015; |
| Ferulic acid | 445858 | Hydrocinnamic acid | ✓ | Irakli et al., 2016; |
| Sinapic acid | 637775 | Hydrocinnamic acid | ✓ | Tantipaiboonwong et al., 2017; |
| Isoferulic acid | 736186 | Hydrocinnamic acid | Chiou et al., 2018; | |
| Chlorogenic acid | 1794427 | Hydrocinnamic acid | Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018; Shao et al., 2018 | |
| 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 3469 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | Kim et al., 2014; |
| p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 135 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | Valarmathi et al., 2014; |
| Gallic acid | 370 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | Suwannakul et al., 2015; |
| Vanillic acid | 8468 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | Huang and Lai, 2016; |
| Syringic acid | 10742 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | Irakli et al., 2016; |
| Protocatechuic acid | 72 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | Tantipaiboonwong et al., 2017; |
| Salicylic acid | 338 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018; |
| β-Resorcylic acid | 1491 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | Shao et al., 2018 | |
| Protocatechualdehyde | 8768 | Phenolic aldehyde | Huang and Lai, 2016 | |
| 8-5′-Coupled diferulic acid | Phenolic dehydrodimer | Zhang et al., 2015 | ||
| 5-5′-Coupled diferulic acid | Phenolic dehydrodimer | |||
| 8-8′-Coupled diferulic acid benzofuran form | Phenolic dehydrodimer | |||
| Proanthocyanidin dimer | Proanthocyanin | ✓ | Gunaratne et al., 2013 | |
| Proanthocyanidin trimer | Proanthocyanin | ✓ | ||
| Catechin | 73160 | Flavanonol | ✓ | Tantipaiboonwong et al., 2017; |
| Epicatechin | 72276 | Flavanonol | ✓ | Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018 |
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Flavonol | Pereira-Caro et al., 2013; | |
| Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | Flavonol | Valarmathi et al., 2014; | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | Flavonol | Chiou et al., 2018; | ||
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | 5318645 | Flavonol | Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018; | |
| Myricetin | 5281672 | Flavonol | Poulev et al., 2019 | |
| Rutin | 5280805 | Flavonol | ||
| Kaempferol | 5280863 | Flavonol | ||
| Kaempferide | 5281666 | Flavonol | ||
| Naringenin | 932 | Flavanone | ✓ | Chiou et al., 2018 |
| Cycloartenol ferulate | 134695320 | γ-Oryzanol | Chakuton et al., 2012; | |
| 24-Methylenecycloartenol ferulate | 9920169 | γ-Oryzanol | Gunaratne et al., 2013; | |
| Campesteryl ferulate | 15056832 | γ-Oryzanol | Pereira-Caro et al., 2013 | |
| β-Sitosteryl ferulate | 9938436 | γ-Oryzanol | ||
| Δ7-Campesteryl ferulate | γ-Oryzanol | |||
| Campestanyl ferulate | 13786591 | γ-Oryzanol | ||
| Sitostanyl ferulate | 11227138 | γ-Oryzanol | ||
| Phytic acid | 890 | Phytic acid | Chakuton et al., 2012; Insuan et al., 2017 | |
| Tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-forms) | 9929901 | Vitamin E | Zubair et al., 2012; | |
| Tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-forms) | 14986 | Vitamin E | Gunaratne et al., 2013; Irakli et al., 2016 | |
| Riboflavin | 493570 | Vitamin B2 | Valarmathi et al., 2014 | |
| Nicotinic acid | 938 | Vitamin B3 | Kim et al., 2014 | |
| Lutein | 5281243 | Carotenoid | Pereira-Caro et al., 2013; | |
| Zeaxanthin | 5280899 | Carotenoid | Valarmathi et al., 2014; | |
| β-Carotene | 5280489 | Carotenoid | Irakli et al., 2016; | |
| Lycopene | 446925 | Carotenoid | Melini and Acquistucci, 2017 | |
| β-Carotene-4,4′-dione | Carotenoid | |||
| all-trans-3,3’,4,4’-Tetrahydrospirilloxanthin | 5366411 | Carotenoid | ||
| 10′-Apo-β-carotenoic acid | Carotenoid | |||
| 24-Methylene-ergosta-5-en-3β-ol | Phytosterol | Suttiarporn et al., 2015 | ||
| 24-Methylene-ergosta-7-en-3β-ol | Phytosterol | |||
| Fucosterol | 5281326 | Phytosterol | ||
| Gramisterol | 5283640 | Phytosterol | ||
| Campesterol | 173183 | Phytosterol | ||
| Stigmasterol | 5280794 | Phytosterol | ||
| β-Sitosterol | 222284 | Phytosterol | ||
| Cycloeucalenol | 101690 | Triterpenoid | Suttiarporn et al., 2015 | |
| Lupenone | 92158 | Triterpenoid | ||
| Lupeol | 259846 | Triterpenoid | ||
| 24-Methylenecycloartanol | 94204 | Triterpenoid | ||
| LysoPC 14:0 | 460604 | Phospholipid | Kim et al., 2014 | |
| LysoPC 18:2 | 11005824 | Phospholipid | ||
| LysoPC 16:0 | 460602 | Phospholipid | ||
| LysoPC 18:1 | 53480465 | Phospholipid | ||
| Histidine | 6274 | Essential amino acid | Kim et al., 2014; | |
| Threonine | 6288 | Essential amino acid | Thomas et al., 2015 | |
| Valine | 6287 | Essential amino acid | ||
| Methionine | 6137 | Essential amino acid | ||
| Lysine | 5962 | Essential amino acid | ||
| Isoleucine | 6306 | Essential amino acid | ||
| Leucine | 6106 | Essential amino acid | ||
| Phenylalanine | 6140 | Essential amino acid | ✓ | |
| L-Aspartate | 5460294 | Non-essential amino acid | Kim et al., 2014; | |
| Serine | 5951 | Non-essential amino acid | Valarmathi et al., 2014; | |
| Glutamine | 5961 | Non-essential amino acid | Thomas et al., 2015 | |
| Glycine | 750 | Non-essential amino acid | ||
| Arginine | 6322 | Non-essential amino acid | ||
| Alanine | 602 | Non-essential amino acid | ||
| Proline | 614 | Non-essential amino acid | ||
| Tyrosine | 6057 | Non-essential amino acid | ||
| α-Aminobutyric acid (AABA) | 6657 | Non-essential amino acid | ||
| Potassium (K) | 5462222 | Mineral | Valarmathi et al., 2014; | |
| Calcium (Ca) | 5460341 | Mineral | Thomas et al., 2015; | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 5462224 | Mineral | Raghuvanshi et al., 2017; | |
| Sodium (Na) | 5360545 | Mineral | Shozib et al., 2017; | |
| Chromium (Cr) | 23976 | Mineral | Hurtada et al., 2018 | |
| Iron (Fe) | 23925 | Mineral | ||
| Manganese (Mn) | 23930 | Mineral | ||
| Zinc (Zn) | 23994 | Mineral | ||
| Copper (Cu) | 23978 | Mineral | ||
| Phosphorus (P) | 5462309 | Mineral | ||
| Caproic acid | 8892 | Fatty acid | Valarmathi et al., 2014; | |
| Caprylic acid | 379 | Fatty acid | Thomas et al., 2015 | |
| Capric acid | 2969 | Fatty acid | ||
| Lauric acid | 3893 | Fatty acid | ||
| Tridecanoic acid | 12530 | Fatty acid | ||
| Myristic acid | 11005 | Fatty acid | ||
| Pentadecanoic acid | 13849 | Fatty acid | ||
| Palmitic acid | 985 | Fatty acid | ||
| Stearic acid | 5281 | Fatty acid | ||
| Arachidic acid | 10467 | Fatty acid | ||
| 9-Octadecanoic acid | 965 | Fatty acid | ||
| Undecanoic acid | 8180 | Fatty acid | ||
| Oleanolic acid | 10494 | |||
| Myristoleic acid | 5281119 | Mono-unsaturated fatty acid | Valarmathi et al., 2014; | |
| cis-10-Pentadecenoic acid | 5312411 | Mono-unsaturated fatty acid | Thomas et al., 2015 | |
| Oleic acid | 445639 | Mono-unsaturated fatty acid | ||
| cis-Vaccenic acid | 5282761 | Mono-unsaturated fatty acid | ||
| Erucic acid | 5281116 | Mono-unsaturated fatty acid | ||
| Hexadecadienoic acid | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | Valarmathi et al., 2014; | ||
| Hexadecatrienoic acid | 6506600 | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | Thomas et al., 2015 | |
| Linoleic acid | 5280450 | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | ||
| Octadecatetraenoic acid | 11778225 | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | ||
| cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid | 5312529 | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | ||
| cis-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoate acid | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | |||
| Eicosatetraenoic acid | 21863049 | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | ||
| Pinellic acid | 9858729 | Oxylipin | Kim et al., 2014 | |
| Succinic acid | 1110 | Carboxylic acid | ||
| Maleic acid | 444266 | Carboxylic acid | ||
| Malonic acid | 867 | Carboxylic acid | ||
| Citric acid | 311 | Carboxylic acid | ||
| Cinnamic acid | 444539 | Carboxylic acid | ✓ | |
| D-Xylose | 135191 | Sugar | Kim et al., 2014; | |
| D-Fructose | 2723872 | Sugar | Valarmathi et al., 2014 | |
| D-Glucose | 5793 | Sugar | ||
| Maltose | 439341 | Sugar | ||
| myo-Inositol | 892 | Sugar | ||
aCompounds present in Figure 2.