Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Variables | Spironolactone (n = 158) | No spironolactone (n = 299) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 68.1 ± 15.0 | 70.0 ± 13.1 | 0.17 |
| Male | 99 (62.7) | 187 (62.5) | 0.98 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9 ± 4.6 | 22.3 ± 4.2 | 0.17 |
| Previous HF diagnosis | 91 (57.6) | 169 (56.5) | 0.83 |
| Previous HF admission | 66 (43.4) | 123 (43.9) | 0.92 |
| NYHA III–IV at discharge | 7 (4.4) | 12 (4.0) | 0.83 |
| Smoking | 63 (42.6) | 113 (40.4) | 0.66 |
| Causes of HF | |||
| Ischaemic | 58 (36.7) | 119 (39.8) | 0.52 |
| Hypertensive | 37 (23.4) | 75 (25.1) | 0.69 |
| Cardiomyopathic, dilated | 25 (15.8) | 45 (15.1) | 0.83 |
| Cardiomyopathic, hypertrophic | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.3) | 0.14 |
| Other or unknown etiology | 48 (30.4) | 85 (28.4) | 0.66 |
| Co‐morbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 81 (51.6) | 160 (54.1) | 0.62 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 (31.0) | 110 (36.8) | 0.22 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 39 (24.8) | 92 (31.0) | 0.17 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 (7.6) | 50 (16.8) | 0.007 |
| Hyperuricemia | 73 (48.3) | 136 (46.9) | 0.77 |
| Stroke | 22 (14.0) | 42 (14.2) | 0.95 |
| Anaemia | 24 (15.2) | 63 (21.2) | 0.12 |
| COPD | 9 (5.8) | 19 (6.4) | 0.78 |
| Previous heart disease | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 54 (34.2) | 100 (34.1) | 0.99 |
| Previous PCI | 25 (16.0) | 67 (22.7) | 0.094 |
| Previous CABG | 18 (11.5) | 34 (11.5) | 0.996 |
| Pacemaker implantation | 2 (1.3) | 3 (1.0) | 0.80 |
| CRT implantation | 3 (1.9) | 2 (0.7) | 0.23 |
| ICD implantation | 6 (3.8) | 4 (1.3) | 0.087 |
| Chronic AF, AFL | 55 (34.8) | 95 (32.2) | 0.57 |
| Sustained VT, VF | 9 (5.8) | 15 (5.2) | 0.77 |
| ECG | 0.11 | ||
| Left bandle branch block | 11 (7.0) | 35 (11.7) | |
| Pacing | 10 (6.3) | 10 (3.3) | |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LVDd, mm | 55.8 ± 8.7 | 55.1 ± 7.9 | 0.44 |
| LVDs, mm | 43.7 ± 7.4 | 42.7 ± 7.2 | 0.19 |
| IVS, mm | 10.1 ± 2.2 | 10.6 ± 2.5 | 0.025 |
| LVPW, mm | 10.0 ± 2.0 | 10.7 ± 2.3 | 0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 44.0 (IQR: 41.0–46.0) | 44.7 (IQR: 42.0–47.0) | 0.031 |
| MR (moderate–severe) | 30 (19.2) | 52 (17.9) | 0.74 |
| BNP (admission), pg/mL | 609.5 (IQR: 313.5–1230.0) | 616.5 (IQR: 302.0–1202.0) | 0.82 |
| BNP (discharge), pg/mL | 190.4 (IQR: 73.9–393.0) | 258.5 (IQR: 127.2–545.0) | 0.005 |
| Medications | |||
| ACE‐I | 66 (41.8) | 117 (39.1) | 0.58 |
| ARB | 79 (50.0) | 135 (45.2) | 0.32 |
| Beta‐blocker | 80 (50.6) | 157 (52.5) | 0.70 |
| Thiazide | 5 (3.2) | 6 (2.0) | 0.44 |
| Loop diuretics | 141 (89.2) | 210 (70.2) | <0.001 |
| CCB | 34 (21.5) | 88 (29.4) | 0.069 |
| Nitrate | 31 (19.6) | 88 (29.4) | 0.023 |
| Digitalis | 49 (31.0) | 85 (28.4) | 0.56 |
| Oral inotrope | 10 (6.3) | 17 (5.7) | 0.78 |
| Aspirin | 83 (52.5) | 148 (49.5) | 0.54 |
| Anti‐platelet | 19 (12.0) | 53 (17.7) | 0.11 |
| Warfarin | 63 (39.9) | 108 (36.1) | 0.43 |
| Statin | 30 (19.0) | 69 (23.1) | 0.31 |
Data are shown as n (per cent), median (IQR), or mean ± SD. ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibiter; AF, atrial fibrillation; AFL, atrial flutter; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CCB, calcium channel blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IVS, interventricular septum thickness; LVDd, left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; MR, mitral regurgitation; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.