Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants (n = 495)
| Participant characteristics | Median (IQR) or % |
|---|---|
| Demographic and health characteristics | |
| Maternal age, y | 30 (25–34) |
| Parity | |
| Para 0 | 25.3 |
| Para 1 | 43.8 |
| Para ≥2 | 30.9 |
| HIV status | |
| HIV‐negative | 65.7 |
| HIV‐positive (antenatal ART) | 24.6 |
| HIV‐positive (pre‐pregnancy ART) | 9.7 |
| Smokes/chews tobacco | |
| No | 86.9 |
| Yes | 13.1 |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | |
| Maternal education | |
| Primary | 1.6 |
| Secondary | 73.1 |
| Tertiary | 25.3 |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 61.8 |
| Married/cohabiting | 38.2 |
| Household SES | |
| Low | 11.7 |
| Medium | 82.6 |
| High | 5.7 |
| Anthropometry | |
| Weight (kg) | 68.7 (59.7–78.4) |
| Height (cm) | 158.4 (154.7–162.6) |
| BMI at baseline, kg/m2 (<14 weeks) | 27.4 (23.8–30.9) |
| Normal weight (18.5‐24.9) | 33.7 |
| Overweight (25‐29.9) | 35.8 |
| Obese (≥30) | 30.5 |
| GWG, kg/week | 0.35 (0.23–0.46) |
| Inadequate | 29.9 |
| Adequate | 24.2 |
| Excessive | 45.9 |
Note. IoM GWG ranges (kg/week): inadequate, normal weight <0.35, overweight <0.23, obese <0.17; adequate, normal weight 0.35–0.50, overweight 0.23–0.33, obese 0.17–0.27; excessive, normal weight > 0.50, overweight >0.33, obese >0.27.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral treatment; BMI, body mass index; GWG, gestational weight gain; IQR, interquartile range; SES, socio‐economic status.